The next stage in the analysis is to determine the overhead cost for each cost centre. U.G. 1. maintenance of groups. Calculate direct, variable and full costs of products, services and activities using overhead absorption rates to trace indirect costs to cost units. There are four steps of Absorption Costing: Allocation Apportionment Reapportionment performed and the size of the factory. iv. (i) It segregates factory overhead costs and computes the total cost of each service departments. Light points for lighting. 15. This is known as secondary distribution of factory overheads and also re-apportionment of factory overheads. The next service department is taken up and its cost is apportioned and this process goes on till the cost of the last service department is apportioned. The number of such departments will depend upon the nature of industry, type of work Wages analysis book for indirect wages. latter department, which will then be distributed among production department. <>
4. Labour Welfare expenses No. There are certain overheads which can be directly estimated for different departments. case of cash outlays, the entry may come from the cash book. ii. A companys production for the year ending 30.3 is given below: Items Production Departments Office Stores Work- Total (iii) Partly producing departments: In every organisation a few departments such that it is not etc. This is also known as departmentalization of overheads. more service departments, they may render service to each other and therefore these inter- of requisitions, quantity or value of materials. This is also known as departmentalization of overheads. Insurance on tools and fixtures, power, repairs and maintenance cost etc. output, hence it is more or less uncontrollable. Derived Benefit: According to this principle, the apportionment of common item of overheads should be based on the actual benefit received by the respective cost centers. (iii) High and low points method: Under this method the output at two different levels i. high or low point Apportionment is a term used in accounting to describe the way a business separates and distributes a portion of its gross income. insurance of Thus it is indirect process of allotment. The basis adopted should be such by which the expenses being apportioned must be measurable by the basis adopted and there must be proper correlation between the expenses and the basis. Content Guidelines 2. Factory Overhead Formula 4. In the Ability to pay: According to this method, overheads should be apportioned on the basis of the sales ability or income generating ability of respective departments. For example, a business incurred $150,000 in a particular period for the light and heat of the entire factory, the wages of sales staff and supervisor, rent of the factory etc. This can also apply to a company's overheads as a way to calculate the correct costs, especially when the business is spread across different departments, subsidiaries or countries of operation. (vii) Watch and ward They can further be described. activity. [CDATA[ increase. Over the last 230 years, the reapportionment of the congressional districts has changed approximately five times. The following problem will exemplify the method. the Cost Ledger Control Account. (iv)Direct Wages: This method is used only for those items of expenses which are booked with the amounts of wages, e.g., workers insurance, their contribution to provident fund, workers compensation etc. A State the accounting and control of administrative, selling and distribution overheads. Then the service departments may be ignored for apportioning the expenses. ADVERTISEMENTS: overheads. Lowest 1,500 6, Overheads which are not directly identifiable with any particular production or service cost centres are distributed over the department cost centres on some equitable basis of machine Hours or Labour Hours or No. Report a Violation 11. Following points should be considered for primary distribution of items of overheads: (i) Basis for distribution should be equitable and practicable; (ii) Method adopted for distribution should not be time-consuming; (iii) Overhead expenses should be distributed among different departments on the basis of benefits received by departments; For the purpose of primary distribution, a departmental distribution summary is prepared in the following way: Basis of Apportionment of Factory Overhead: 1. This method is also simple and easy. Variable 8, Generally, there are three methods to apportionment of overhead; they are: Direct distribution method Under this method, the costs of service department are distributed or apportioned to production department. Direct expenses may be All only. capacity of the business. and produced 10,000 units. The methods are: 1. 1. Apportionment of overheads based on this criterion ensures Prepare cost estimates for allocation and apportionment of overheads, including between reciprocal service departments. (ii) The sequence of operations are taken into consideration while determining the location of various (x) Works executives problem in respect of overheads arises from the facts that the amount of overheads has to be estimated and (ii) Insurance 1, This criterion has the greatest applicability in cases where overheads costs can be easily and directly traced to departments receiving the benefits, e.g., in case of a machine shop, a record of services utilised by each department can be kept by maintaining proper job cards. When it is difficult to select a suitable basis in other methods, this method is adopted. Internal transport service Truck hours, truck mileage or tonnage. 10 0 obj
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apportioned over other departments, production as well as service according to the agreed Comment *document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a6595ff82cb3bd7d6a7d2543d58a31a2" );document.getElementById("a8d4f85434").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Using these methods, overheads are recovered, charged to, or absorbed in the factory cost. Apportionment of Overhead Expenses: Definition Apportionment is the process of distributing overhead items to cost centers on a fair and reasonable basis . 3. 1. As per summary 7,810 12,543 4,547 4,000 2. As per distribution summary 7,810 12,543 4, For instance in March 2013, the output of the factory is 2,000 units and the expenses are as follows: ` the product or service rendered. Allocation and Apportionment of Overheads, Cost Accounting Notes B.Com 4th Sem CBCS Pattern, Micro Economics Notes and Important Questions. An overhead cost is defined as expenditure on labour, materials or services that cannot be economically identified with a specific saleable cost unit. 60 (10% of 600 of P) Expenses may be defined as the costs of services provided to an undertaking and the notional costs There are three methods available for dealing with inter service department transfer : (a) Simultaneous equation method: Under this method, the true cost of service departments are and not fixed expenses. The primary apportionment stage is when overheads are apportioned to all departments in the organization (both production and service departments) without considering any reciprocal transfer of benefits. Common items of overheads are rent and rates, depreciation, repairs and maintenance, lighting, works managers salary etc. ii. Book value of Machinery 30,000 35,000 25,000 - - 15,000 1,05, v. The estimated hours forming the base for calculation should often be compared with the actual hours worked and necessary adjustments affected. (iii) Depreciation, repairs department y plus the share from service department x will be apportioned to x. In modern industrial undertakings, overheads are a very large proportion of the total cost and, therefore, possible to place these departments into a particular category, since they fall within the purview of The basis of Apportionment of Overheads. 5. stream
Thus, the wages paid to maintenance workers as The cost of service department which renders service to the largest number of other departments is distributed first. Copyright 10. research P 1 P 2 P 3 shop. vi. This method produces fairly accurate results where material prices do not fluctuate widely and where output is uniform. (ii) Service departments: These departments are not directly engaged in production but they render Overheads, Treatment of factory overheads, 1 (10% of 12 of P) The following steps are involved in this method: (i) Apply the given percentages to distribute the primary total of first service department. Terms of Service 7. Cost is allocated when the cost centre uses whole of the benefits of the expenses. regularly collected i. estimated under standing order code numbers allotted to them. A company with only one electric meter might allocate the electricity bill to . except when they are deliberately changed, e. increments granted to staff. %PDF-1.5
For instance, suppose there are two insurance of Reapportionment and OAR are explained separately. Apportionment refers to the distribution of overheads among departments or cost centers on an equitable basis. Horse power of machines or machine When classification of overheads on some scientific and consistent basis is complete, overheads are ii. Unlike materials prices, labour rates do not fluctuate so frequently. drawing office Any one or more of the following methods may be used: Expenses which vary directly with the departmental wages paid can be apportioned on this basis, e.g., premium for workmens compensation insurance etc. formula: Change in the amount of expenses Various bases to absorb overheads have been developed. The guidelines used to find a suitable basis for the apportionment of overheads expenses are explained below. Fixed overhead remain fixed and variable overhead can be obtained by the following In order to apportion an overhead, we first need to decide on the most appropriate basis of apportionment. This method is known as cost apportionment. wages 3,373 4,217 5,060 ( - ) 12,650 - - Fixed 10, insurance of requisitions. iii. of Machinery Machine Hours Worked, 20,000 25,000 30,000 30,000 35,000 45,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 4,000 200 250 300 30,000 35,000 25,000 15 20 25 10,000 20,000 15,000, 75,000 1,10,000 13,000 35,000 1,250 1,05,000 65 50,000. departments. Stores, Planning, Canteen and Time Office. For example, the salary paid to the works manager of the factory, factory rent, general managers salary etc. on unit cost decreases as production increases and vice versa. Step method Before understanding allocation and apportionment or departmentalization of overheads, it is essential to study the different types of departments or cost centers. Actualquantutyorvalueofthebasefortheperiod. (c) Indirect Expenses: Indirect Expenses: Indirect Expenses: Indirect Expenses: (i) Rent, rates and distribution the distinction between production departments and service departments disregarded since it is Such sub-divisions are referred For example, a company may provide for its own buses for transporting workers to and from the factory. Depreciation of Machinery Percentage of original cost of machinery or machine hour rate. For example, as it generally costs more to rent and heat a big room than a small one, floor space is the most appropriate basis of apportionment for rent and heat. service departments but, then, the expenses of the service departments are apportioned among the The guidelines or principles which facilitate in determining a suitable basis for apportionment of overheads are explained below: 1. (iii) Reciprocal service method: This method gives cognizance to the fact that where there are two or Overheads can be divided into the following categories on functional basis: (a) Manufacturing or production or factory overheads: Manufacturing overheads includes all, Lesson 4 Direct Expenses and Overheads 153. labours Automatic consideration is given to the time factor because generally more wages means more time spent. and maintenance of insurance etc. total costs at different levels of activity or output are plotted on a graph with the output on the X-axis and their Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Marketing Management : Analysis, Planning, and Control (Philip Kotler), Microeconomics (Robert Pindyck; Daniel Rubinfeld), Principios de medicina interna, 19 ed. A and B, and two service departments X and Y: the expenses of departments X and Y are respectively 3,000 and 2,000 and are to be apportioned as: You are supplied with the following information and required to work out the production hour rate recovery of overhead in departments A, B and C reapportioning service department expenses by simultaneous equation method as well as by repeated distribution method: Instead of having an algebraic equation, the expenses of one service department may be apportioned to all other departments (production as well as service) and then the expenses of other service departments may be similarly treated until the amount apportioned to a service department becomes insignificant. Before uploading and sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. charged wholly to a particular department or cost centre, but will have to be charged to all departments or Production departments are those departments where actual process of manufacturing is carried on. 1. Primary Distribution of Overhead: Primary distribution involves apportionment or allocation of overhead to all departments in a factory on logical and rational basis. vary to the extent of 70%. including works However, if it is not possible to charge the overheads to a particular cost centre or cost unit, they are to be apportioned to various departments on some suitable basis. When there is no variation in the wage rates of pay. to as departments. The next service department is taken up and its cost is apportioned and this process is going on till the cost of last service department is apportioned. Secondary distribution summary. Repairs & Maintenance Actual repairs or hours worked by the Machines. This method of redistribution gives cognizance to the service rendered by one service department to another service department. Under Trial and Error Method distribution will be made in the following way. Lighting No bulbs used for lighting by the machine. services, as cannot be conveniently charged direct to specific cost centres or cost units. (vi) Operators Departmental overheads for the month of November 2003 are as under: Companys costing books for the year ended 30th June, 2004 furnish the following information: The method given above assumes that service is rendered by say, Repairs and Maintenance department to the Power House but not by the latter to the former. Prohibited Content 3. Thus, the overhead allocation formula is: Cost pool Total activity measure = Overhead allocation per unit (ii) Seasonal or cyclical influences cause wide fluctuations in the actual overhead cost and actual Machine Hours Worked 10,000 20,000 15,000 - - 5,000 50. units. Insurance Value of and variable. Cost is directly allocated to any cost centre or cost units. 22,588 29,434 30,328 - - - 82, Lesson 4 Direct Expenses and Overheads 165, By rearranging In other words, common expenses have to be apportioned or distributed over the departments on some equitable basis. This method must be compliant with the terms of the lease. For example, the salary paid to the works manager of the factory, factory rent, general manager's salary etc. material issue analysis sheet is prepared from store requisitions. Apportionment of There are three production departments in a factory viz. 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