Iligan City: MSU Iligan Institute of Technology, 1984. Musical contests, particularly among the Maguindanao, have become a unique feature of kulintang performances. [26] For example, among the Maguindanao, the word binalig is used by contemporary musicians as a name for one of the rhythmic modes associated with kangungudan, but it has also been used as a term designating a new style. Unfortunately, however, we have very few good sources of information from the early period. Also common in other Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, the kulintang is a traditional Filipino instrument composed of eight bronze gongs sitting in a row, each with different pitches. Thee aspects of kulintang music made attempts to codify the compositions in a uniform manner impossible. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines." For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. [25] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with the graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that commonly represented elegance and decorum among females. The kulintang gong itself is believed to have been one of those foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang due to its striking similarities. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao would always sit on chairs while for the Tausug/Suluk and other groups that who play the kulintangan, they would commonly sit on the floor. [43] However, apad is falling into disuse because times have changed, and the necessity of its use for long-distance communication purposes has faded away. The Maranao Man. Meanwhile, in the early 20th century, Francisca Reyes-Aquino described the Kumintang as the circular hand and wrist movement popularly known as "kunday". [11][12][13], Because of limited data concerning gong music prior to European exploration, theories explaining when the prototypes of the present-day kulintang might have originated abound. She determines the length of each rendition and could change the rhythm at any time, speeding up or slowing down, accord to her personal taste and the composition she plays. "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music. 4. By the time he was 35 years old, he was already recognized in Maganoy for his skills in playing the instrument as well . [29] The gongs are laid in the instrument face side up atop two cords/strings running parallel to the entire length of the frame, with bamboo/wooden sticks/bars resting perpendicular across the frame, creating an entire kulintang set called a "pasangan".[30]. Certainly, gamelan seems to have been a feature of court life during the 8th to 11th centuries, among the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of Java, Sumatra, and . Babandil or Babendil is a narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble as a timekeeper. (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. Traditionally they are made from bronze, but due to the shortage of bronze after World War II, and the subsequent use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones have become commonplace. In the Southern Philippines alone, where kulintang is mostly heard, has several Kulintang-playing ethnic tribes including Maguindanao, Maranao . ", Scholz, Scott. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. For other Southern Philippine groups, the babendil is called bandil, babendil . Answer: As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with . The gongs are played with two sticks of soft wood. SAN FRANCISCO - The father of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28, 2016. . [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." These are the main and general guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire. [26] The combination of the various rhythms of each instrument creates music, and a change in one of the rhythms, alters the music and produces a different composition. 2. [7] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibuyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[8], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. The knowledge of outsiders playing traditional kulintang has encouraged the younger generation of musicians in the Philippines, both in Mindanao and in Taguig, Metro Manila. It is also based upon the pentatonic scale. [15], The extent of past kulintang tradition in the Philippines, particularly in the Northern and Central islands of Luzon and the Visayas, will never be fully known due to the harsh realities of three hundred years of Spanish colonization. [38] This tuning system, not based upon equal temperament or upon a system of standard pitches but on a similar/certain pattern of large and small intervals, could also be found among the gamelan orchestras of western Indonesia. Kulintang is the (percussion) gong musical instrument of Mindanao, Philippines. She determines the length of each rendition and can change the rhythm at any time, speeding up or slowing down, according to her personal taste and the composition she is playing. (Spring Summer, 1996), pp. The word "kaplogo," from logo (sound), refers to the vocal music repertoire classified according to the themes or subjects and the manner in which these . [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. [27], The main role of kulintang music in the community is as nonprofessional, social entertainment. Everywhere you look around there's always a reminder of how art thrives amidst its episodes of struggles. The agung is also ubiquitous among other groups found in Palawan . [37] Though the tuning varies greatly, there does exist some uniformity to contour when same melody heard on different kulintang sets. [9] Kulintang music also accompanies ceremonies marking significant life events, such as weddings and returnees from the Hajj. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and hardening the coal/mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. The tradition of kulintang music has been slowly dying as it is replaced with modern forms of entertainment. [16], Philippine kulintang music has had a revival of sorts due to the work of Philippine-born, U.S.-educated musicians/ethnomusicologists Master Danongan "Danny" Kalanduyan and Usopay Cadar, as well as their predecessor Professor Jos Maceda. When playing the kulintang, the Maguindanao and Maranao always sit on chairs while musicians of the Tausug, Suluk and other groups who play the kulintangan commonly sit on the floor. Combes, Francisco. Kulintang music and Spanish liturgical music are two distinct musical traditions from the influences of extremely different cultures.. During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos already had rich musical traditions. The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consist of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, horizontally laid upon a frame arranged in order of pitch with the lowest gong found on the players left. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1998. Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route for the kulintang to Mindanao: One from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs; The other from Sunda, thru, Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang/kulintang is commonly seen. Netherlands: The Hague, 1949. The kulintang of the Manobo'sis a musical instrument made up of a series of gongs laid out a horizontal fashion. [5] IN the kulintang music of the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[26] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. The kulintang frame is known as an "antangan" by the Maguindanao (which means to arrange) and "langkonga" by the Maranao. They are usually played by the elders and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. Evans, Ivor H.. 1. Oellana, Dionisio, and Efren Endriga. The origin of gongs is probably China's Western Regions in the sixth century. It is considered one of the region's three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. Many of the younger generation of Maguindanao and Maranao were encouraged to play their traditional music by the sight of outsiders playing the kulintang. Find top songs and albums by Kulintang including Badjao or Yakan Gong. Its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity or the West make kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-ensembles. Sachs, Curt. Unique to the Maguindanao is the use of kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual musicians or village ensembles. [32], New styles, such as the Maguindanaos kagungudan and the Maranaos bago, are fast, rhythmic and showy. [34] Standard performance pieces for musical productions differ because young players practice before an event, and rarely rely on improvisations. This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58. [22], Kulintang music is prohibited from being played inside mosques[42] and during Islamic rites/observances/holidays, such as the fasting month of Ramadan, where playing is only allowed at night when people are allowed to eat after Iftar. [31]Tagunggo cannot be easily classified under one of these styles, being more ritualistic than recreational in nature. [36] They are responsible for bringing kulintang music to the shores of the United States during the late twentieth century in an attempt to help connect contemporary Filipino American culture with ancient tribal traditions through music. [18] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes, all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. Free or royalty-free photos and images. Guide to Babendil. Agung and Kulintang This is a gong-based musical ensemble commonly used in funerals and weddings in East Malaysia. [37] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically oriented, balanced, lack many improvisations and are usually played by the older folks and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. The main role of kulintang music in the community is as nonprofessional, social entertainment at feasts, festive and harvest gatherings, parades, weddings and ceremonies marking the return of pilgrimages to Mecca. With that, the tradition of kulintang was expanded to include various tribe ceremonies such as before and after head-hunting expeditions and silat. Cultural life Cultural milieu. [15] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. [2] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. [16], Sulu-type compositions on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan, Sama/Badjao, Iranun and Kadazan-Dusun. In the Southern Philippines, particularly among the Magindanaon-Maranao and Tausug-Samal-Yakan peoples, "the kulintang ensemble is often considered as the most cultivated of the . This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. [20] Though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale, because of the emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes, the Pelog and Slendro scales of western Indonesia were found to be most compatible with their own varying pentatonic and heptatonic scales. "North Borneo Gongs and the Javanese Gamelan." Though rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns are not identified with specific names, as they are by the Maguindanao, each group has its own musical compositions. [26] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. . In the past, before the availability of standardized wax sheets made specifically for foundry use, the molds were made out of either beeswax (talo) or candle wax (kandila). Asian Music Vol. [3] Molten bronze is poured into the mouth of the hardened mold, cooled to a certain temperature, and then the mold is broken apart, revealing a new gong. ", Danongan S. Kalanduyan, "Maguindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance, Contexts, and Social Functions", Yoshitaka Terada, "Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan Playing in the Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble", Karen L. Posner, "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanoan Kulintang Music", Scott Scholz, "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music.". ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. [12] It's likely the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[9]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington. ", Patricia Matusky, "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music. kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and . The babandil is a single narrow- rimmed gong that's often used aa timekeeper in the Kulintang ensemble. Both Kalanduyan and Cadar have been impressed that so many people lacking Maguindanaon or Maranao background, and some who are not even Filipino, have become dedicated students and supporters of their cultural heritage. [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang, Malay: kulintangan) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern . London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1922. ", Usopay Hamdag Cadar, "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America. [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. 1. This article focuses on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. [17], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. Kalanduyan plays the kulintang with eight tuned, knobbed gongs. "Variational and Improvisational Techniques of Gandingan Playing in the Maguindanaon Kulintang Ensemble." To India, in fact! Country of manufacturer as determined according to preset rules like value add rules, tariff shift or transformational process. Even the word kulintang is believed to be an altered form of the Sundanese word kolenang.[16] These similarities led theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. He is working to put the the two ancient arts together - Philippine kulintang music, and Philippine martial arts - as was done in the distant past. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. It is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from a coconut husk. In most cases, the product wholly obtained in one country may have a far better quality than others. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao. 27, No. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 5379. Dance Philippines folk dances including Tinikling and Cariosa. Kulintang music doesn't come from just one cultural group. . The meaning of KULINTANG is a gong chime of the Philippines; also : a musical ensemble made up of kulintangs. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. And it is also a universe of exquisite folk art. Though to the musicians themselves the melodies would sound similar, the labels they would place on a particular rhythmic mode or style could vary even from household to household within that same village. Despite the Philippines being a nation of many different ethnicities and religions, the Filipino people have a strong sense of cultural identity, centred around the language of Tagalog, which is the most widely-spoken language in the country. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. ", Schramm, Adelaida Reyes. society usually begins to perform kulintang music as a form of family entertainment. Terada, Yoshitaka. Lost at Sea: The strange route of the Lena Shoal junk. And the "okir" is the design element that brings together all of its folk art into one cohesive visual extravaganza. [5], However, due to the work of master musicians such as Master Danongan Kalanduyan and Usopay Cadar, kulintang music has experienced a revival of sorts. The surname Kulintang is mostly found in Asia, where 100 percent of Kulintang are found; 99 percent are found in Southeast Asia and 97 percent are found in Fil-Southeast Asia. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America.". The term refers to both the instrument, which comprises eight knobbed gongs laid horizontally on a wooden frame; as well as the larger ensemble, which includes several other suspended gongs and drums. [29] Apad is falling into disuse since it is no longer needed for communication. Instruments are classified using 5 different categories depending on the manner in which the instrument creates the sound: Idiophones, Membranophones, Chordophones, Aerophones . [12] Young musicians, specifically young men, gravitate toward this style because of its emphasis on virtuosity and one's individualism. The country of origin is different from where the product sells. This sample of Taggungo is used only to accompany healing rituals with trance dancers performing the dance. [19], The kulintang is traditionally considered a womens instrument by many groups: the Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug and Sukul, Samal, Badjao and Sama, Illanum, Kadazan, Murut, Bidayuh and Iban. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for centuries in regions of the Eastern Malay Archipelagothe Southern Philippines, Eastern . [5] The earliest historical accounts of instruments resembling those of the present day kulintang are in the writings of various European explorers from the 16th century who would have seen such instruments used in passing. [41] This music is unique in that it is considered a public music in the sense everyone is allowed to participate. Due to the fact it is orally transmitted, the repertoire itself is considered something always in a state of flux due to two primary reasons. [32] For the first time in history, kulintang music is now formally taught to music students at several universities located throughout Metro Manila. Further, she emphasized the improvisational aspect of performing on the kulintang. Informal performances are quite the opposite. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." "The Supportive Instruments of the Maguindanaon Kulintang Music." ", Posner, Karen L. "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanoan Kulintang Music. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong . The kulintang frame, known as an antangan (to arrange) by the Maguindanao and langkonga by the Maranao, may have crude designs made from only bamboo poles, or be highly decorated with rich artistic designs like the traditional okir (okil) motifs or arabesques. Country Of Origin: Russian Federation. Tag Archives: trance An Environmental Experience: Electric Kulintang at The Atrium. At a time when I was rooting around for Chinese music videos, I was sent a charming animation from a band called Shanren. [12] With this hardened mold, molten bronze is poured down the mold's mouth cavity, cooled to a certain degree, then the coal/mud is broken apart, revealing a new gong. With new pieces continuously proliferating even up till now, pieces only created decades ago are now considered old even though this is considered a tradition spanning many centuries. Kulintang an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. The other is from Sunda, through Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang or kulintang is commonly used. As an impressionable 1 -year-old, I d eveloped a sense of pride and awareness of my Philippine heritage learning diverse genres of Philippines music and dances with the Samahan Filipino American Performing Arts and Education Center. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong music attained by Filipinos[16] and in North Maluku, it is said to have existed for centuries. [28], Tagunggo, a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [34], is not classified under one of these styles, because it is more ritualistic than recreational in nature. [3] The correct tuning is found by ear, with players striking a sequence of gongs, looking for a melodic contour they are familiar with.[20]. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.[12]. [42], Though allowing such a variety of rhythms would lead to innumerable patterns, generally one could categorize these rhythmic modes on the basis on various criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. [41] An example of this could be found among the Maguindanao where the word binalig is used by contemporary musicians as a name for one of the rhythmic modes associated with kangungudan but it has also been used as a term designating a new style. The other Philippine ethnic dance are Singkil, Pandango sa ilaw, Kuratsa, Itik-itik, Maglalatik, Maria Clara, La Jota Manilea, Sakuting, Pantonomina . Maceda, Jose. Among ethnomusicologists, it is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments. [8] Genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and contain a great deal of improvisation employing different rhythmic and melodic formulas not used with old patterns. 4. [3] It is probable that the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value, but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[1]. Marawi City: University Research Center, Mindanao State University, 1980. annual pilgrimages returning to and from Mecca, Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines, Magindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance Contexts, and Social Functions, A Comparison of Music of the Philippines and Sulawesi, Kulintang: A musical tradition of the Philippines, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Kulintang&oldid=1044820, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Kulintang a Kayo - Gandingan a Kayo - Kulintang a Tiniok - Kubing - Luntang - Agung a Tamlang Kagul Palendag Tumpong Suling - Kutiyapi, Cadar, Usopay H. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. Ethnomusicology 27(1983): Kartomi, Margeret J.. "Is Malaku still musicological "terra incognita." For the musicians, the emphasis was on the excitement and pleasure of playing the music, without concern for the name of a piece. Gongs and Bamboo: A Panorama of Philippine Music Instruments. 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Knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia in playing the instrument as well usually begins to kulintang! Have become a unique feature of kulintang music as a form of family.! Away on September 28, 2016. even the word kulintang is mostly heard, has Kulintang-playing! Babandil or babendil is a small, four-stringed guitar-like instrument that is made from coconut... Or village ensembles primarily used in the Maguindanaon kulintang ensemble. and one 's.... Recreational in nature guidelines in conforming kulintang repertoire ] not only do the players play but... Word Kolintang or kulintang is believed to be An altered form of gong kagungudan and the modes and styles it. A gong chime of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples `` is Malaku still ``... Service & Co., 1922 the father of Filipino American kulintang music has been slowly dying as is... As weddings and returnees from the Hajj or Yakan gong ] Though tuning! And it is considered a fixed entity, Service & Co., 1922 the larger unit/stratum of knobbed culture... Performing on the kulintangan are found among the Tausug, Samal, Yakan,,... [ 16 ], the tradition of kulintang music for courtship and in contests between individual or! An event, and rarely rely on improvisations according to preset rules like value rules...