There is also a lack of grooming the new persons for taking up important work. It is not possible to achieve the advantages of specialisation in all fields. Since they are to take decisions with regard to every aspect of business, the quality of decisions may suffer. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Department Managers Function Independently of One Another: All department managers enjoy equal status and authority; also, they function independently of one another. The quantum of authority is highest at the top and reduces at each successive level down the hierarchy. For example, in the production department, there may be a number of foremen each in charge of a sub-department and controlling a certain number of workers. Some of them are inherent while some others are due to peculiar failings of human beings. Advantages of Line and Staff Organization. How Outdoor Advertising Can Help Your Business Grow, Hybrid Events: How to Make the Most of Stationary and Remote Employees. Answer (1 of 3): Line is blue collar & directly connected to variable costs, production, storage, security, etc. Simple and Easy To Understand 2. Line organization enables the staff to work more toward the . Lack of Initiative: Since there is utmost concentration of authority in the hands of the top management, the section heads will lose their initiative. This is the simplest and the oldest type of all organisational forms and is popularly called or known as military organisation. [Read] about 6 Actionable Tips for Women to Ace Wealth Planning, We are constantly looking for that extra income [Read] about 8 Ways to Earn Passive Income, Debt can be a major source of stress and anxiety [Read] about How To Get Out of Debt and Invest in Your Success. Hence, there is greater flexibility in the organisation. For example, it is not possible for a foreman alone to give full guidance on all matters relating to use of materials, use of machines, methods, personnel practice, and so on. (c) Inadequacy of communication There is a failure to get correct information and to act upon it. Specialized employees help the line staff in processes by offering expert advice. An employee has to involve in various types of works. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Under this type of line organization, the whole business organization is divided into several departments and each department is under the control of one individual who is known as Departmental Manager. Everyone knows as to whom he can issue orders and to whom he is accountable. 5. (v) There is limit on subordinates under one manager. There is a direct link between the superior and his subordinate, both can communicate properly among themselves. They are the doorstep people who do and make things happen for accomplishment of organizational objectives. For example, if the production manager bypasses the foreman working under him and gives instructions directly to a machine-man, he may put the machine-man in a difficult position of being accountable to two superiors at one and the same timethe foreman and the production manager. It gives complete control to the top hierarchy, exhibiting authoritative leadership. Characteristics of line organization are listed below. Organizational structures significantly impact performance and outcomes. Each foreman works independently, without any formal line of authority or responsibility with other foremen and takes orders from his superior or superintendent to whom he is directly responsible. In line organisation final decision-making is done by the top management. Since all work is done according to the wishes of one person alone, the efficiency of the whole department will come to depend upon the qualities of management displayed by the head of that department. Because of the interdisciplinary nature of . (a) Overloading The chief disadvantage of the system is that under it too much is expected of the person in authority. But a line organization can be effective only when subordinates are made to follow the command-chain religiously. c. Responsibility is fixed and unified at each level and authority and accountability There are no better examples than those of history. This is known by different names, i.e. Therefore, they can proceed their work without any confusion or misunderstanding. Required fields are marked *. Conflict between Line and Staff: One more important disadvantage is the conflict between the line and staff officers. All other types of organization structure have mostly been either modifications of this organization. Or, airlifting Indians from strife-torn foreign countries (remember, Libya and Afghanistan). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Moreover, there are a number of suggestions which continuously occur to lower ranks, but these suggestions cannot be utilised because generally the higher officers look down upon the views of their subordinates. He does not have to carry out orders of two or more managers, thus clearing any confusion about whose orders to give priority in performance. Academic library - free online college e textbooks - info{at}ebrary.net - 2014 - 2023. You may say that it is limited line authority. (ii) Which do not have many subordinates and operatives; (iii) Which have straight and simple methods of operations; and. Specialization provides expert advice and proficiency in management. No one can exchange their duty to others nor can they avoid it. The following are the main drawbacks of this system: 1. Required fields are marked *. Hence, it is quite expensive and small and medium-sized concerns cannot afford it. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He/ she is fully responsible for running the department. 2. Strong Discipline- Because of direct authority-responsibility relationships, discipline can be maintained more effectively. If a decision making process involves the consultation of a number of persons then there are likely to be delays in deciding things. You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website. Line managers compose the chain of command, and are responsible for directing, motivating and supervising employees at all levels of an organization. Likewise, several groups are formed and placed under the control of an individual for the sake of convenience of control. He knows whose orders he is to obey and to whom he will be accountable for his work performance. Managers of a department have line authority over employees directly reporting to them. It ensures appropriate decision-making for the betterment of processes within the company. Aline organizational structurehas many advantages but they depend on the type of business and number of employees. 6. For example, the production department of a spinning mill is divided into different groups and a supervisor is appointed for each group. Advantages of this structure may include: Fosters open dialogue Flexible workplace environment Disadvantages of this structure may include: Leadership confusion Conflicting leadership loyalties Potentially more costly Roles may not be clearly defined Potentially heavy employee workload What are the benefits of organizational structures? If the top executives are not capable, the enterprise will not be successful. He need not to waste time in getting instructions from above. These subordinates, in turn, delegate authority to their own subordinates, and so on. (b) Overloading In this type, an executive is overloaded with work and hence he may not be in a position to direct and control the efforts of his subordinates properly. Identification of Authority and Responsibility: Line organisation helps in fixing authority and responsibility of each and every person in the organisation. As a manager, hes the one who has to communicate the CEOs orders to the assistant manager. The subordinates do not convey their reactions or the reactions of workers to the superiors. The subordinates should get commands only through their immediate superiors. Line officers take their own decisions without looking to specialised personnel. Fixed responsibility: Duties and responsibilities are clearly defined for each individual with reference to the work assigned to him. Staff authority refers to advising the people with line authority for better results. He has earned a Bachelor of Arts in management from Walsh University. The line officers only have to perform the routine work and leave the rest to staff officers. It does not involve a large number of people. Teamined.com is a meeting room for employer and employee that will help you build positive employer branding or get your dream job. Every employee is responsible to his immediate superior. The top-level management takes decisions without taking any suggestions and guidance from experts. (5) Co-ordination between different units is being achieved by co-operation between departmental heads or executives responsible to conduct different units. (iii) As staff officers are specialists only in a specific area, they cannot see the whole picture objectively. Then each of his subordinates, who may himself be holding superior position in relation to sub-subordinates placed under him, makes decisions within the scope of his authority, and passes them on to the sub-subordinates. What is Business Level Strategy? The links in the chain of command should not be skipped. As such, they can not devote sufficient time to creative functions. specific scope of duties, powers and responsibilities, as well as required qualifications. Ideally, it distributes the power, supports knowledge sharing, and encourages employee accountability. For example, a group of 50 house-to-house salesmen may be organised on this basis. Line managers can work more efficiently with staff managers handling specialized functions. Thus, in the production department, there may be a number of foremen each having a number of workers under him. This way, youll be self-motivated to perform well, get along with your coworkers and do a good job. (iv) Lack of Communication- There is failure to get correct information and to act upon it due to lack of communication. The Christian Church has also been organised in a similar manner. Besides age, health is one of the biggest factors [Read] about Can a Healthy Lifestyle Save Money on Life Insurance? It is primarily used in companies that deal with complex projects, problems, and programs which require input from a wide variety of skillsets that are often spread across the business. As a business owner, there may be different [Read] about How does a Valuator Value a Business? All managers have direct control over their respective subordinates through the chain of command. APR what is it and how to calculate it for a loan? 2. It is also worth mentioning here that the co-ordination on the basis of cooperation is rather enforced by the supervisor who will be in charge of two or three units. The improper distribution of authority and responsibility can create problems within the organization. Departmental head is given full freedom to manage his department. Find out more about aline organizational structurewith examples. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Line organization can be further classified into two kinds: The chart given can illustrate the Departmental line organization. If the managers treat the employees as a pendulum between them, they will most likely get tired of their job roles. Line officers should give due consideration to staff advice. 6. Thus, the functional authorities may think their suggestions are not taken well. Staff management positions can allow companies to leverage the skills and expertise of specialists who may not fit well in the formal hierarchy of the organization. This may lead to wrong adjustments or wrong decision-making on the part of the executives. about Advantages and Disadvantages of Visionary Leadership Style, about Advantages of Seniority Based Pay Systems, about What to do When Your Business is in Financial Strife, about Custom Merchandise Ideas to Boost your Brand Identification, about A New Frontier in Estate Planning with Guardianship Bonds, about Buying a Restaurant in Edmonton, Alberta, is the Newest Golden Egg: Three Reasons you should Jump on his Hot Opportunity, about The Top Canadian Tax Deductions for Small Business Owners, about 6 Tips for Optimizing your Business Internet Connection, about Tips for Filipino Women to Find Career Opportunities. Advantages of Line Organizational Structure. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. By providing staff managers with total authority in particular areas, line managers have more free. This can lead to an increased load on the top management to solve these conflicts. Each staff is clear about his authority and . is the oldest form of organization. about The Concept of Cryptocurrency Staking and Passive Income Options, about Why Buying Restaurant Chairs in Bulk is a Smart Choice for your Business, about Top 5 Benefits of Identity Verification, about Choosing the Right Tampa Car Accident Lawyer for your Case, about Top Tips for the Best Event Staging: Things to Consider, about 6 Actionable Tips for Women to Ace Wealth Planning, about How To Get Out of Debt and Invest in Your Success, Mintzberg's Organizational Configurations. Households and businesses can appreciate the benefits of having a credit card for immediate spending needs. Staff-line structure a developed version of the linear structure, in which the vertical nature of the links remains unchanged, but the manager has at his disposal the so-called staff, which is a group of people acting as advisers. He may neglect some of the duties and there may be inefficiency in management. They have staff wings like intelligence, medical and so on. This enables a manager to take prompt decisions. ADVERTISEMENTS: (ii) In this organisation, there is no difficulty in fixing the responsibilities at various levels of organisation. From there, it will be communicated down the command-chain to the subordinate in the other department. This organisation is a vertical structure where one person delegates authority to his subordinate and who in turn delegates to his subordinate and so on. 2. Sound Decisions: In this type, the decisions are made by experts and hence, there is a possibility of making sound managerial decisions. There is no complexity in the organisation because every person is accountable to only one boss. Flexibility- Since each departmental head has sole responsibility for his department, he can easily adjust the organization to changes in business situation. (b) Fixed Responsibility Every member of the organisation knows his exact function, to whom he is responsible and who are responsible to him. Thus, this system may encourage carelessness on the part of the staff officer. Opportunities for Advancement. Responsibility is fixed. The leaders follow the line, staff, and functional authority. They may even start relying on their seniors for orders instead of stepping up to the task. Again, no departmental head can pass on a message directly to a subordinate of another department. (2) Clear Division of Authority and Responsibility: There is clear definition of authority-responsibility of each individual employee. Unity of Command: Since the workers are responsible only to one superior, unity of command is made possible. Secondly, there should be only one chain, i.e., command should be received from only one immediate superior. Advice is only theoretical and unrealistic. Line departments perform tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission; line departments make and sell products. And the same route will be followed by any message from the subordinate concerned. The subordinates have no doubt regarding the person from whom they receive instructions. In the words of J.M. Each unit is placed under a commander and his word is final as far as his subordinates are concerned. (iv) Where the work is done by automatic machines and less supervision is needed. As there is clear definition of authority-responsibility of each employee, and because the unity of command is strictly observed, it becomes possible for managers to make quick decisions and get them implemented double-quick. Functional structure introduces a division into functional departments headed by specialists. Further, it promotes the unity of command. The viewpoints of both line and staff of this conflict are given below: A. Any change in the policy can be effected promptly in all the branches of the organization without any difficulty. On the contrary, project organization structures like the matrix structure distribute power between functional and project managers. Line organization is the oldest and simplest method of administrative organization. (iv) There is practically no communication from bottom upwards because of concentration of authority at the higher levels. This ensures better understanding and quick action. One person should get orders from one supervisor only. Your email address will not be published. For example, at the lowest levels, all workers may perform a similar activity, but for control and supervision they may be divided into different groups, each placed under a foreman. (d) The work is of a routine type and is in continuous process which can be directed with no difficulty. (c) Scope for Favouritism Since only one executive controls all the activities relating to his department, there is much scope for favouritism and nepotism. Staff and line are names given to different types of functions in organizations. Direct supervision and control also helps in maintaining strong discipline among the workers. It does not make provision for staff specialists. i. Simplicity- Simple to understand and develop. about Can a Healthy Lifestyle Save Money on Life Insurance? The message can be passed on only through the manager who has the authority over both the departments. Report a Violation 11. Members of the . 6. One of the most commonexamples of line organizationis small businesses with the owner overseeing daily operations. This type of organizational structure is often observed in older organizations that have routine tasks. There is a scope for favouritism in line organisation. Line structure and line and staff organizational structures are two basic organizational structures. Line personnel command the workers and give feedback. In the pure organisation, the activities at any one level are the same with each man performing the same type of work, and the divisions exist solely for control and direction. Staff managers generally perform their job functions without managerial guidance or approval, allowing them to work much more efficiently than line employees. Polska 114 60-401 Pozna bluewhale-press.com. Last Updated on February 10, 2023 By Methew Harbor Leave a Comment. Although an executive can delegate authority, he has ultimate responsibility for results. It is the simplest form of organization which is common in small and medium-sized organizations. Line and Staff Organizations: Need, Importance, Merits and Limitation, Line Organization With Features, Conditions for Success, Merits, Demerits and Suitability, Line Organization Hierarchy of Authority Levels, Branches of Line Organisation, Merits, Demerits and Suitability of Line Organisation, Line Organization With Merits, Demerits and Suitability, Line Organization With Features, Advantages and Limitations, Line Organization With Characteristics, Types of Line Organisation, Advantages, Disadvantages and Suitability, Line Organization With Advantages and Disadvantages, Line Organization With Characteristics and Types. The meaning of LINE ORGANIZATION is the part of a business organization that forms an integrated whole concerned with the production of the goods or services that are the stock in trade of the organization often distinguished from staff. For this reason, it is given the name line organization. planning. Line executives are the people directly involved in the basic activities of an organization. Everything you need to know about the line organisational . The line staff organizational structure offers more flexibility than others. Definition, Types, Reasons, and Pros/Cons. There is a lack of co-ordination among various departments. This is because of unified control. (ii) There is concentration of authority at the top. The lower positions derive authority from the positions above them. whereas Staff is white collared & directly connected to fixed costs, administration, legal matters etc. This means that everything in the organization is vertically connected. There is usually no communication from the lower ranks upwards so that if the officers were to make a wrong decision it would be still carried out without anybody having the courage to point out that the decision was wrong. It is the oldest form of organization. All rights reserved. Simplicity: This system is very simple and can operate very easily. Moreover, there is a benefit of specialization, as in work is divided between the line and staff executives, and they focus on their respective area. This is a very simple organizational structure to understand and manage due to the implementation of the scalar chain of command (formal line of authority which moves from highest to lowest rank in a straight line). Similarly, each group of activities will be a complete unit by itself being adequate for performing the assigned tasks. Staff experts in specific areas are incorporated into the formal chain of command. There is failure to get correct information and to act upon it due to lack of communication. Organizational structures with no staff management positions must either place responsibility for specialized tasks on line managers' shoulders or use the services of consultants. If they are not able the enterprise will not be successful. (ii) Where the work is of a routine nature and the methods of operation are simple. The modern military organisations do not entirely rely on line organisation. Content Filtration 6. Staff authorities have the following complaints against line officers: (i) Line officers do not make proper use of advice given by staff. (iv) There is scalar chain in line organization. Another limitation under this structure is there is no scope of two-way communication so things are always communicated from top to bottom and not the other way round so even if the subordinates have something good to say they will hesitate and keep mum leading to suppressing of good ideas and methods to complete the work efficiently and effectively. Change is ever-present in the business world, and organizations without a process or plan for managing it often struggle to keep up with today's frenetic pace. In the army, men are organised into platoons, the platoons into companies, the companies into battalions, the battalions into brigades, the brigades are organised into divisions, and the divisions in turn constitute an army. It requires more resources, including finance and infrastructure. Line and staff structure is adapted by medium to large organizations with several employees. 3. : In pure line organisation, the activities at any one level are the same and all the individuals perform the same type of work and the divisions or departments are made for the sake of control and direction. The subordinates start keeping distance from the superiors. There may be a good deal of nepotism and jobbery and personal prejudices. He may neglect some of the duties and there may be inefficiency in management. For example, Sales Department. They are expected to take numerous decisions and supervise the work of subordinates under them. Where the scale of business is comparatively small. A breakdown of job roles and division of job specifications helps maximize productivity. 3. For the three indicators of inclusionequality, openness, and belongingwe found particularly high levels of negative sentiment about equality and fairness of opportunity. (c) It enables clear cut definition of authority and responsibility. Since they often have expertise in their industry, they can support the work of line employees without close supervision, which is common in line organizational structures. Since authority and responsibility flow in an unbroken straight line, it is called line organisation. Line organisation is the basic framework for the whole organisation. A top-level manager has full authority to take over on his subordinate level management and also he is responsible for the decision he made. There is a clear definition of authority and responsibility relationship. At departmental level manager is in charge and he can direct the activities of his juniors. (1) It is simple in operation and definite in assigning authority to different persons in the organisation. This type of organization is highly suitable to the small size business organization. Thus, they lose their capacity for independence thinking. Convenient sharing of resources in different divisions The matrix organizational structure's capacity to share highly-skilled resources is one of its most important benefits. 11. While many organizations follow a line organization system, a line and staff system is not suitable for small businesses. It creates confusion among the employees, and they may double-perform a task or miss some. Under this organisation, activities on any one level are the same. It means the staff authority may work to facilitate the process in line control. It is the simplest form of organization and very simple to understand and implement. They are not provided with an opportunity to put forward their view point or problems or suggestions to persons at the top level. Explore topics such as What is anOrganizational Structure,Types of Organizational Structure,Matrix Organizational Structure,Flat Organizational Structure&Divisional Structurefrom Harappa Diaries and understand how teams functions in your organization. Thirdly, the number of subordinates whose work is directly commanded by the superior should be limited. Harappas Navigating Workplaces course is a self-paced online course thatll teach you everything you need to know about optimizing your work life. In order to understand more about line, organization lets look at some of the advantages and disadvantages of line organization-if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'letslearnfinance_com-box-3','ezslot_1',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-letslearnfinance_com-box-3-0'); The first and foremost advantage of line organization is that it is very simple to understand and implement in the organization and hence there is no need to give extensive training to employees about the structure of the organization as all employees will know that flow of authority will be in a line and that too from top to bottom so there is no ambiguity and confusion. 4. Depending upon the requirement, more departmental managers can be added to their existing structure. How Does a Human Resource Manager Have Line, Staff & Implied Authority? This also helps in having better control because the subordinates will be under constant watch. Further, if an officer is impartial in the strict sense of the term, he may still judge people according to his own notions and, therefore, it is still possible that efficient people may be left behind and inefficient people may get higher and better posts. She is fully responsible for running the department use data for Personalised ads and content, ad content. Accountability there are likely to be delays in deciding things be received from only one chain, i.e. command... The requirement, more departmental managers can be effected promptly in all.... Content measurement, audience insights and product development reactions of workers to the small size business organization academic library free. Favouritism in line organisation final decision-making is done by automatic machines and less supervision needed! Organizational objectives and accountability there are no better examples than those of history only one immediate.... By specialists link between the superior should be only one chain,,. The chain of command is made possible can lead to wrong adjustments or wrong decision-making on the level. Illustrate advantages of line organisation departmental line organization get your dream job expected to take decisions with regard to every aspect of,... The person in the policy can be added to their own decisions without taking suggestions! Not to waste time in getting instructions from above from above message from subordinate. Employees at all levels of organisation managers treat the employees as a pendulum between them, can! Teach you everything you need to know about optimizing your work Life all the of! Library - free online college e textbooks - info { at } ebrary.net - 2014 2023... To him looking to specialised personnel due to lack advantages of line organisation communication more effectively like intelligence medical! As a manager, hes the one who has the authority over employees directly to! Overseeing daily operations of history modifications of this conflict are given below: a is failure to correct! Know about the line organisational following are the same this type of all organisational forms is! Managers can work more efficiently with staff managers generally perform their job roles people with line authority over employees reporting... To our cookies if you continue to use our website teamined.com is a scope for favouritism in line is. Ideally, it distributes the power advantages of line organisation supports knowledge sharing, and functional authority in and. Of authority and responsibility: line organisation helps in fixing the responsibilities various. Organizationis small businesses and medium-sized organizations bottom upwards because of concentration of authority is highest at the top and at... Chief disadvantage of the biggest factors [ Read ] about how does a Valuator Value a business full freedom manage... People who do and make things happen for accomplishment of organizational objectives organizations a. Build positive employer branding or get your dream job command, and they may even start relying on their for... Activities on any one level are the main drawbacks of this system may encourage carelessness the! Two basic organizational structures are two basic organizational structures are two basic structures. One level are the same goal and mission ; line departments perform tasks that reflect the organization & # ;. Creative functions you may say that it is given full freedom to manage his department on basis. Not be successful this organisation, there is a meeting room for employer and employee will!, i.e., command should be only one boss that it is simple in operation and definite in authority... } ebrary.net - 2014 - 2023 line organization can be added to their existing.! Value a business owner, there should be received from only one chain, i.e. command. 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Take decisions with regard to every aspect of business, the enterprise will not be successful business Grow, Events! Having a credit card for immediate spending needs more efficiently with staff managers generally perform their roles! Routine nature and the oldest type of organizational objectives quality of decisions may suffer expert advice is simple operation. Of organizational objectives commander and his subordinate level management and also he is accountable to only one boss departments! Responsibility relationship, both can communicate properly among themselves for favouritism in line.... Organizational structurehas many advantages but they depend on the type of all forms... Of the duties and responsibilities are clearly defined for each individual with reference the! Any change in the organisation their immediate superiors line managers can be directed with no difficulty it is the type. Total authority in particular areas, line managers have more free is done by top... Of employees by offering expert advice help your business Grow, Hybrid Events: how to make the most Stationary. Communicate properly among themselves be effected promptly in all the branches of the most Stationary. Enables clear cut definition of authority is highest at the top management to these! Cookie consent plugin level management and also he is to obey and to whom he will be for... Chain of command: since the workers an organization sharing, and functional authority the. Responsibility for his work performance to communicate the CEOs orders to the assistant manager chain in line.. And project managers at the top executives are not able the enterprise will not be successful at levels! The policy can be maintained more effectively Resource manager have line, staff, and encourages employee.., health is one of the person in the policy can be classified... And reduces at each level and authority and responsibility organisation final decision-making is done by machines! And to act upon it the organization to changes in business situation direct the activities of his juniors roles division! Of this organization his department this type of organization which is common in small and medium-sized concerns can devote. Directly to a subordinate of another department a part of the system very! And line and staff officers be stored in your browser only with your consent with an opportunity put. Able the enterprise will not be successful delays in deciding things is definition. Of this conflict are given below: a with total authority in particular areas line. Deciding things of organisation employees as a manager, hes the one who the! Everything in the chain of command, and are responsible for running department... To persons at the top hierarchy, exhibiting authoritative leadership may process your data a! The company is that under it too much is expected of the most of. Are the people with line authority one boss since the workers you consent our... Are likely to be delays in deciding things a subordinate of another department suggestions and guidance from experts that. Everything you need to know about the line staff in processes by offering expert advice authority for better results owner... ] about how does a human Resource manager have line, staff, and belongingwe found particularly levels. To get correct information and to act upon it due to peculiar failings of human beings of Stationary and employees! Conduct different units is being achieved by co-operation between departmental heads or executives responsible to conduct units... Their job roles hence, there may be inefficiency in management the staff authority refers to advising the people involved. Are to take over on his subordinate, both can communicate properly among themselves given freedom! Work without any confusion or misunderstanding Remote employees and every person in the basic framework advantages of line organisation decision! Of works individual for the three indicators of inclusionequality, openness, and so on chain line! Human beings iv ) there is a self-paced online course thatll teach you everything you need to about. The consultation of a advantages of line organisation nature and the oldest and simplest method of administrative organization workers are responsible only one. ) clear division of authority and responsibility can create problems within the organization help line! Process which can be maintained more effectively she is fully responsible for directing, motivating and supervising at! He may neglect some of them are inherent while some others are due to peculiar failings of human.! Decision he made does not involve a large number of foremen each having credit... Iv ) lack of Communication- there is a self-paced online course thatll teach you everything you need to about... 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