This is not, in my mind, the sign of someone who is truly a good leader. Some of the members were socialists who introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Stalin was eventually denounced by his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, in 1956. That didnt work. If I write a second volume about Stalin, Ill write about the period 1917 to the death of Lenin in 1924, about how the Soviet state was built, and how it turned from this more participatory, Paris Commune kind of ideal that you find in Lenins book State and Revolution into what eventually became a one-party state under Lenin, and eventually the Stalinist tyranny that destroyed most of the Leninist cadres in 1937. To most of the world, Joseph Stalin, who died 60 years ago today, is a monster the architect of violent purges and labor camps that killed millions of Russians . Joseph Stalin maneuvered to take control of the Soviet Union after Vladimir Lenin's death. Latest answer posted February 03, 2021 at 6:26:14 PM. But eventually these Georgian Marxists who later become Mensheviks, the more moderate wing of the empires Social Democratic Party linked up with these revolutionary peasants. In the Soviet army, it takes more courage to retreat than advance. It was believed that Trotsky would take over as leader of the Soviet Union when Lenin died. Accounts differ as to the reason; official school records state he was unable to pay the tuition and withdrew. 11 terms. Its usually considered that Stalin was a ruthless politician; however, in fact, Trotsky was much more ruthless and radical. The Stalin memorial in Moscow's Red Square is a shrine for some Russians, Soviet-era relics are kept in Moscow's Fallen Monument Park, Stalin (front row, R) hosted fellow war leaders Churchill and Roosevelt in Yalta in early 1945, President Putin frequently reminds Russians of the nation's wartime heroism, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. Keith Wagstaff. No man - no problem.". The political line, conducted by Trotsky, most likely would have turned into a catastrophe for the young Land of the Soviets. I met Simon Sebag Montefiore in a caf in Kensington, in London, once. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was born on December 18, 1878, in Gori, Georgia. Then I realized, what if I actually wrote about Stalin, the most important figure in this area, and used that as what Alfred Hitchcock called a MacGuffin, a gimmick to get them pulled into the story? Stalin really seemed to imbibe the idea that social-democratic worker-intellectuals had a very important and special role to play in building the movement and bringing their message to the masses. Eventually, Stalin had to abandon Georgia and go to Baku, the oil-producing center on the Caspian Sea, today the capital of Azerbaijan, where the Bolsheviks had some meaningful support from the workers. So I thought theres a space for this kind of book, the making of the revolutionary, the passage to revolution. Chennai: Today, on the 70th birthday of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) president and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Marxism is not a nationalist philosophy, its international and cosmopolitan, and step by step he gravitated toward the Russian social democratic movement, the movement the Georgian Marxists were propagating. When there's no person, there's no problem.". What made this seminary such a factory of revolutionaries? Read about our approach to external linking. Trotsky, however, was the head of the Council, so the struggle between the two continued. Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany nicknamed Der Fhrer (German for The Leader). Without eliminating Trotsky, as the Spanish experience shows, we cannot be sure of the support of our allies in the international communist movement in the case of an imperialist attack on the Soviet Union.. On August 20, 1940, Mercader brought a text in support of the Fourth International to the revolutionary, asking him to evaluate it this was his excuse for a visit on the day of the assassination. Of course, that position changed in practice after the Bolsheviks took power. To realize his aspirations for self-liberation and liberation of his country, he turned to revolution and then gradually discovered Marxism. New Stalin statues have gone up in various places. 2013, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/do-you-think-stalin-was-good-leader-427444. Stalin in power, 1928-53: The elimination of Stalin's opponents: Between 1923 and 1928, the leadership struggle changed the nature of the Communist Party. Get the week's best stories straight to your inbox. What I found was that the rigidity and repressiveness of the Orthodox seminary created in young Georgians a kind of alienation, or what I call a double-realization crisis. How does the saying "ang hindi lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan" relate to history? I believe in one thing only, the power of human will. But certain Georgian Bolsheviks, like Sergo Ordzhonikidze and, most notably, Stalin himself, were not in favor of that. Stalin had Trotsky assassinated in Mexico in 1940. Convinced of the Allies' hostility toward the Soviet Union, Stalin became obsessed with the threat of an invasion from the West. In the course of the Civil War, the Red Army, created by Trotsky, needed experienced combatants and commanders thats why he advocated recruiting former Imperial army officers. "The death of Stalin on March 5, 1953, caused the only possible. The Allies responded with the massive Berlin Airlift, supplying the city and eventually forcing Stalin to back down. You can buy Stalin wall calendars, fridge magnets and other Generalissimo memorabilia in Russian shops, the BBC's Steve Rosenberg reports from Moscow. As you said, the book covers from his birth to the 1917 revolution, the young Stalin. This is the way I decided to do the book. Subscribe today to get it in print! After heroic efforts on the part of the Soviet Army and the Russian people, the Germans were turned back at the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. Although formally known as the country's premier from 1941 until his own death in 1953 at age 74, Stalin was a brutal dictator who slaughtered many of his own citizens as he transformed the country into a major global power. Stalin was a very efficient leader, the kind of efficient where lives are just a means to achieve his goals. Eventually, that democratic and participatory revolution was consumed by foreign intervention, the civil war, the breakdown of the economy, and the building, by the Bolsheviks, of a centralized, authoritarian state. It worked very effectively, because Georgia, like most countries, is a multinational society. The son of Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, and Ketevan Geladze, a washerwoman, Stalin was a frail child. By 1930, his chief rival, Leon Trotsky, had fled the country. But you see Stalin as a more important figure in the movement than these critical assessments made him out to be. So there was a clear difference between Georgian and Russian Mensheviks there. It took a long time to get all this stuff done. So these young Marxists like Noe Zhordania, who became the leader of the movement, came back to Georgia and applied a Marxist analysis to the country. That positive opinion is boosted by current frustration over social policy and economic hardship, she said. Secondly, they were being challenged not only by social and class prejudices but by the ethnic prejudices promoted by the regime. Western powers interpreted these actions as proof of Stalin's desire to place Europe under Communist control, thus formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to counter Soviet influence. Then, Operation Mother commenced Spanish communist Ramon Mercader was supposed to infiltrate the inner circle of Trotsky and get rid of him. Why or why not? January 8, 2015. He said, So what are you interested in, and why are you writing this book? This was before his book came out. cstepshs123. This is being seen as the DMK's attempt to project Stalin as a national leader who can bring Opposition parties . The Russian Mensheviks wanted to ally with bourgeois liberals and were worried about scaring them off into reaction. "Their perception of Stalin is based on myth, fed by older generations," she said. Was Stalins support for the invasion just a legacy of his factional struggles with Georgian Mensheviks, or was it more principled than that? Beauregid Genden is a shrewd and proud politician. Answer (1 of 36): Question: Was Josef Stalin the most powerful ruler of all time? This post was originally published on this site. For Khrushchev this divergence occurred as a result of two very different personalities. So, to become themselves as individuals and to become fully Georgian, they had to turn against the regime. Answer: No. Stalin killed millions. This has to come from social democrats and from a social-democratic party, in this case a conspiratorial party because Russia was a police state. A year later, Stalin came in contact with Messame Dassy, a secret organization that supported Georgian independence from Russia. Was Stalin a fair leader? "It is difficult for me to imagine what . Then I came back to Stalin and worked in the Russian and Georgian archives, and in Armenia, and got the book that you see today. aside and said, Workers are now out in the streets. As war clouds gathered over Europe in 1939, Stalin made a seemingly brilliant move, signing a nonaggression pact with Germany's Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party. No way.. He made shrewd appointments and consolidated his power so that eventually nearly all members of the central command owed their position to him. He entered into a relationship with one of Trotskys secretaries with a fake Canadian passport as Frank Jackson. Over the last half decade, Stalin has grown from strength to strength, putting himself in spots where he has been the least comfortable and willing to plumb the depths of opportunity, much like his father in many ways. Most of the Georgian national Bolsheviks were eventually murdered in the purges of the 1930s. MOSCOW More Russians consider Joseph Stalin the "most outstanding person" in world history than any other leader, according to a poll released Monday. eNotes Editorial, 12 Apr. Stalin remains popular in the former USSR to this day- a recent poll put him as the third greatest Russian in history. One of the things that really stands out in your book is how many of the key figures in the Russian Empires social-democratic movement came from Georgia. In 1902, Lenin wrote a pamphlet called Chto Delat, or What Is to Be Done?, This pamphlet, which has been much misunderstood, was a polemic within the small circles of Russian social democracy arguing against what Lenin and others called economism. Economism was a kind of reformist approach that focused on supporting workers in their efforts to reduce working hours, improve working conditions, and raise wages, not the political struggle against the regime itself. This pamphlet is often misunderstood as a call for intellectuals to dominate the working class. By October, the revolution was complete and the Bolsheviks were in control. They were, like Stalin, poor and socially peripheral. But eventually, they did concede that the new state would be organized on the basis of national, cultural, territorial autonomy Armenians with their own republic, Ukrainians with theirs, and so on. "Our leader lived up to . Stalin suffered another foreign policy defeat after he encouraged North Korean Communist leader Kim Il Sung to invade South Korea, believing the United States would not interfere. During World War II became the Party 's leader and absolute ruler of the Soviet Union. So the ideas become important. Our new issue on nationalism is out now. Im interested in his women. So I thought, Well, okay, we have a nice division of labor.. For a time, he found work as a tutor and later as a clerk at the Tiflis Observatory. It was, Kotkin wrote, Stalin's "first genuine test as a military figure since the Russian civil war." And it was a test he would fail, in spectacular fashion. What were his basic perspectives on the national question, and how did they differ from some of the other viewpoints in the movement, both in Russia and elsewhere? Those are the two things that led me to take on this topic. He was able to hold Stalin off while he was still alive, but he had several strokes, became incapacitated, and died in January 1924. 2 See answers Advertisement Advertisement seidlmjs03 seidlmjs03 Trotsky, can you do that? Trotsky turns him down, saying Oh, you know, Vladimir Ilyich, I have to write my article right now on literature and revolution. Stalin says, Ill do it. Thats not a true story, but thats what Stalin was good at: internal party politics, recruiting followers, finding loyalists with whom he could work, or he could reward. At a young age, his family was . Its a peasant-based society, it wasnt really amenable yet to a Marxist socialism. He is currently more popular in Russia now than at any time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, thanks to a rehabilitation campaign by Russian president Vladimir Putin. What motivated you to write this particular book? After his death in 1953, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's remains were embalmed and put on display next to those of Vladimir Lenin. His Red Army helped defeat Nazi Germany during World War II. Stalin was very good at that. British parliamentary elections had replaced Prime Minister Churchill with Clement Attlee as Britain's chief negotiator. It's estimated that Stalin killed as many as 20 million people, directly or indirectly, through famine, forced labor camps, collectivization and executions. On a hot day, Mercader came dressed in a raincoat, but that didnt alert anyone such a regular he was in the house. mriedel17. Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story, Rare witness to Stalin prison horror dies, Wall of Grief: Russia remembers victims of Soviet repression, Prince Andrew offered Frogmore Cottage - reports, Rare Jurassic-era bug found at Arkansas Walmart, Beer and wine sales in Canada fall to all-time low, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Bieber cancels remaining Justice world tour dates, Trump lashes out at Murdoch over vote fraud case, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, China and Belarus call for peace in Ukraine, Eli Lilly caps monthly insulin costs in US at $35. What are some examples of his manipulation? Stalin, of course, was precisely that. Stalins great talent was what a friend of mine, Paul Gregory, called the ground game. Rather than just writing articles (which he did) or speaking to crowds, he worked at organizing and getting to people in the factories, working with people and trying to agitate them into action on the streets. Earlier you mentioned that many of the leading figures in Georgian social democracy went through the same institutions Stalin did, namely this religious seminary in Tiflis. When the Kremlin tried to kill Russian opposition leader Alexey Navalny, his wife launched an epic battle to save his lifeand became the face of the resistance to Vladimir Putin. He is the author of The Baku Commune, 1917-1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton University Press, 1972), among many other works. The situation changed at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945. 39 terms. How was Josef Stalin manipulative? Stalin remembered former CM and DMK leader M Karunanidhi making an announcement about setting up a world-class library after inaugurating the 2007 edition of the fair. But one historian looks at Stalin's mass killings and urges that the definition of genocide be widened. So he took on the nickname Koba, and close friends called him that to the end of his life. 4 U.S. Presidents Who Won the Nobel Peace Prize, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Joseph Stalin, Birth Year: 1878, Birth date: December 18, 1878, Birth City: Gori, Georgia, Birth Country: Russia. With all this chaos going on, the Georgian Mensheviks declared independence on May 26, 1918, and formed a new republic. (Hulton Archive/Getty Images). B+E Manufacturing Company, Inc. Toggle Navigation. 2. that if workers were left to themselves, they would only develop what he called a trade-unionist consciousness, a kind of bourgeois consciousness. During the early 1930s, the Soviet economy failed. Youve dedicated your life to studying this history. Stalinism Even Lenin, who was gravely ill, was helpless to regain control from Stalin. Lenin, reluctantly, recognized the Soviet takeover of Georgia. YES: IF WE LOOK AT HIS LENGTH OF TIME IN THE #1 SPOT IN A POWERFUL COUNTRY: For 30 years, he WAS the #1 leader of the USSR (o. And, if Stalins collectivization was considered violent, Trotskys plans towards the village population, if they were exercised, would have been truly hellish. The first post-Stalin Soviet leader perceived a sharp break between the legality of Lenin's period in office and the illegality of Stalin's rule. Both British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that such an action would result in heavy casualties. Im Armenian by heritage but born in the United States, so Armenian was not my native language. Under his leadership, the Soviet Union played a major role in the defeat of Hitler 's Germany during World War II. The first assassination attempt plan received the codename Horse a battle group opened fire on Trotskys residence. Around 1913, he produced a pamphlet which is sometimes called Marxism and the National Question it has various titles. answer choices A. redrawing the map of Europe on the basis of self-determination B. punishing Germany by dividing it into four permanent occupation zones That was good for me. Stalin chose not to return home, but stayed in Tiflis, devoting his time to the revolutionary movement. The hero of the story is Koba, a ferocious outlaw who lives in the mountains and takes revenge on those who have committed injustices against the people. And there was a nationalist movement, and there were nationalist intellectuals, very important poets and writers like Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, and so forth. Stalin certainly personally held anti-semitic views while simultaneously being a close friend and comrade of Jewish party members. But given the dominance of bourgeois culture, of the hegemony, as he called it, of bourgeois ideas, its very difficult for them to gravitate spontaneously toward socialism. Stalin, leaders from many political parties have been invited to be a part of the celebrations at a bash to be held in the evening. Im sure this was not the goal of the people who ran it. So why this love affair with a leader who caused so much suffering? So yes, Joseph Stalin was one of the most anti-semitic dictators of all time. Though not a significant post at the time, it gave Stalin control over all party member appointments, which allowed him to build his base. But many of his contemporaries thought he didnt contribute much in that regard. Many Russians were shocked to learn the truth in the late 1980s, when former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev lifted the veil on Stalinism, with his "glasnost" (openness) policy. Advertisement Advertisement Some social democrats said, We should get involved in this movement, but others said, My goodness, were Marxists, were for the working class. But that was not the position in this pamphlet, or in Lenins earlier work. Before it could be executed, however, Stalin died on March 5, 1953. Despite the fact that several dozens of shots were fired, the revolutionary, his wife Natalia and his grandson Seva were left unharmed. He is currently more popular in Russia now than at any time since the collapse of the Soviet Union, thanks to a rehabilitation campaign by Russian president Vladimir Putin. The influence and authority of Trotsky were so large that, after the October Revolution, he could. Astrological Sign: Sagittarius, Church school (Gori, Georgia, Russian Empire), Death Year: 1953, Death date: March 5, 1953, Death City: Moscow, Death Country: Russia, Article Title: Joseph Stalin Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/political-figures/joseph-stalin, Publisher: A&E Television Networks, Last Updated: September 4, 2019, Original Published Date: April 3, 2014. He was quite clear-minded in assessing the possible consequences of the victory of Trotskyism. That was one motivation. No, Stalin did not adhere to the principles of Communism because he was a totalitarianist. Many in the Soviet Union mourned the loss of this great leader at his state funeral in Moscow. Millions were killed in forced labor or starved during the ensuing famine. A loyal henchman of Joseph Stalin's while he was alive, Nikita Khrushchev went against him after the fearsome leader died. The sharpest rise in support for Stalin is among the youngest group - those aged 18-30, she noted. "Quantity has a quality all its own.". He wrote poetry, he loved singing, he loved Georgian music. Surprisingly, perhaps, it soon moved from being the ideology of this intellectual elite to the national liberation movement of Georgians. The people who cast the votes decide nothing. Sudoplatov, the main organizer of Trotskys assassination, later recalled that Stalin explained the necessity to get rid of his former ally in such words: Trotsky has to be eliminated within a year, before inevitable war commences. Josef Stalin was once a hip, intellectual, atheist, and Democrat Socialist, that led protests against the rich and powerful. All Rights Reserved. Hundreds of thousands of people came to see the Generalissimo in the mausoleum. They tried a Caucasian federation. So they shifted what could have been a more ethnically oriented opposition into a kind of class or social opposition. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin reversed the Bolshevik agrarian policy by seizing land given earlier to the peasants and organizing collective farms. Stalin would have been a good mafia boss, or corporate CEO. On December 18, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili - later known as Joseph Stalin - was born. A good leader is someone who actually inspires people and gets them to perform extraordinary feats willingly. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. But its based on the conventions of historical scholarship, which is looking for anomalies and dealing with contradictions. ng bi lc Thng Mt 19, 2023. When it comes to use of the word "genocide," public opinion has been kinder to Stalin than Hitler. The basic premise was that Marxists and social democrats must support national liberation. Around 1922, Lenin says, I need someone to go out to this factory and work with these guys and do this thing. Why Bolshevism? Thats the message of What Is to Be Done?. Ordinary people eventually have to go back home, make a living, take care of the kids, make dinner. Compare and contrast Stalin's Soviet Union with Hitler's Germany. The second main point was that if nationalities choose to stay within the empire, they would be organized on the basis of regional autonomy, but not national, cultural, or ethnic autonomy, within the new unified and centralized state. Lenin didnt only criticize Stalin; he also showed great trust in Trotsky, calling him the most capable man in the present Central Committee. Nonetheless, Stalin remained on the post of the Secretary-General by 1922, he had gained quite an authority and popularity, due to the fact that it was he who assigned the majority of positions within the party. Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin were an odd trio. Its not hard to explain why. But his book is a popular book. But in April 1917, Bolshevik leader Lenin denounced the provisional government, arguing that the people should rise up and take control by seizing land from the rich and factories from the industrialists. Two days later, Azerbaijan declared its independence, as did the Armenian leadership, very reluctantly because they were so weak and the Ottomans were on the frontier. We need to recruit workers into our movement, we need to expand our movement. Some Bolsheviks held on to that narrower idea of the party Lenin articulated in 1902 in What Is to Be Done?, and that conception will later come back in Soviet times. Stalin and Ordzhonikidze defeated those Georgian national Bolsheviks, and Georgia was integrated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, which in turn were made part of the Soviet Union. A Mexican policeman holds the short- handled pickax used by Ramon Mercader. " [spurious].". Everything is evidence-based. Reason 1: he praised Hitler Reason 2: he suppressed his people. From 1929 to 1 953, Stalin was the leader of the . Karl Kautsky, the great theorist of German social democracy, came to the country and wrote a book called Georgia: A Social-Democratic Peasant Republic, praising this democratic experiment. 2023 BBC. Vladimir Lenin was a Bolshevik . Why is the Elizabethan age called the Golden Age of England? It was commissioned by Lenin and it basically followed Lenins ideas. Leon Trotsky (1879-1940), was the co-leader of the 1917 Russian Revolution, socialist opponent of Joseph Stalin, founder of the Fourth International, and strategist of world socialist revolution . Stalin was a good leader but in good and bad ways. Did Stalin adhere to the rules of Communism? A California professor was widely hounded on Twitter for praising the legacy of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, calling him "one of the great leaders" of the 20th century. This election is a test of Stalin's. It proved to be very successful, even though it took a long time, because you have that central figure you can follow through this very complex and shifting history from roughly his birth, in December 1878, to the revolution in 1917. There are parts of the brain and the mind that are closed to historians, but we do the best we can. This was a concession that they made once the revolution occurred and they saw the power of these independent national movements. and Barbara Bushs Amazing Love Story. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. Montefiore wrote a very readable book. A Stanford historian answers the question, was it genocide? Under Stalin's rule, the USSR transformed from a low social status country to an industrial and military country. A lot of people made the mistake, to their detriment, of underestimating Stalin. The movement was started by the peasants, who then looked for leaders. Stalin (front row, R) hosted fellow war leaders Churchill and Roosevelt in Yalta in early 1945 Russian attitudes to Stalin have changed over the decades. Stalin joined the group in 1898. With Soviet troops liberating countries in Eastern Europe, Stalin was again in a strong position and negotiated virtually a free hand in reorganizing their governments. While simultaneously being a close friend and comrade of Jewish Party members and of... Labor or starved during the ensuing famine of this intellectual elite to the 1917 revolution, he loved Georgian.! Turned to revolution and then gradually discovered Marxism his power so that eventually nearly members. Tamil Nadu chief Minister M.K what a friend of mine, Paul Gregory, called the Golden of... Paroroonan '' relate to history absolute ruler of the kids, make a living take... Marxists and social democrats must support national liberation movement of Georgians were killed forced. 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In various places this intellectual elite to the end of his contemporaries thought he didnt contribute much in regard... Hostility toward the Soviet Union when Lenin died relate to history back down my mind, the covers. May earn commission from links on this topic it wasnt really amenable yet to a Marxist socialism had replaced Minister! 1917 revolution, the Georgian Mensheviks, or corporate CEO gets them to perform extraordinary willingly.