Genus Carduus which belongs to the family Astraceae includes approximately 100 species worldwide ( Chaudhary, 2000) and is widely distributed around the Mediterranean. Spraying should be done on calm days with dry plants (dew or rain will dilute the herbicide, reducing its effectiveness). pycnocephalus Name University of California Press, Berkeley. These thistles can be cultivated or manually removed when small. All three species are unknown as artichoke or safflower pests, apparently only reproduce on Cadruinae, cause injury to vital plant parts at a critical growth stage of their host-plant (and thus appear capable of influencing the reproductive potential of C. pycnocephalus), and occur over a relatively wide geographic area. marmoratus - C. p . g -pWQ /PzD`,|c4*#?x`(56A} Qf - Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Missouri Bot. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. Continuous grazing significantly reduces thistle numbers but is not as effective as the use of an autumn break (Bendall 1973). It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. UKSI Carduus tenuiflorus auct., non Curtis synonym auct., non Curtis: UKSI Common Name Source; Plymouth Thistle preferred: UKSI Ysgallen Bengryno Welsh local: UKSI Ysgallen Plymouth Welsh . C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Cauline leaves are tomentose on the underside and contain spines on the lobe tips. [5][8] Check with local, regional, and national regulations directing use. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Epub 2022 Jan 27. pycnocephalus / Plymouth Thistle / Xewk tal-fjura gira. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. Mechanical methods can be effective but must be done before the plant sets seed. [8][9] Its tendency to grow under the canopy of oaks increases the risk of wildfire damage to the trees, as fire can more easily spread to the canopy. (415) 435-6465. (You can unsubscribe anytime. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202100827. Disclaimer. Two years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant control following the 2018 Woolsey Fire. medicinal plants for their daily healthcare needs (Ojewole, 2004). Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. 1979). 1982). Carduus pycnocephalus auct. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. Corollas are pink to purple, approx. Chemicals such as Picloram and 2,4-D may be of some use in controlling the weed, but an integrated management program involving a combination of techniques will prove most effective. Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle. Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. << C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. cardunculus on C32 and . Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. Italian thistle invades pastures and rangeland. Then sheep will graze the thistle along with the grass. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. SEED DISPERSAL C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. Seeds are also spread when infested pastures are cut and the hay fed to animals on clean areas. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of nineteen components . (Goeden and Ricker 1978). The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Since it is a nonselective herbicide, it must be carefully applied. Carduus pycnocephalus Common Names: Italian thistle Evaluated on: 5/22/04 List committee review date: 08/07/2005 Re-evaluation date: Evaluator (s) John J. Knapp/ Invasive Plant Program Manager Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Genus: Carduus View Description Dichotomous Key Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. 1981). It has been introduced, presumably accidentally, to the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some other countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. ; Flavonoids; HPLC-PDA-MS/MS; ITS sequence; PCR-RFLP. U ns najdete distel obrzky, kter hledte. [2] If there is reasonable ground cover during the late summer and autumn the thistle will not invade a site, but it will come in following overgrazing or creation of fire breaks (Parsons 1973). This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. This is partly due to its germination requirements and timing. 2019 May;161:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005. Medicinal properties Medicinal parts Has medicinal uses no Do not self-administer no Do no use if pregnant no Legally restricted no Toxicity precautions Medicinal notes . Ethiopian traditional medi- . Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. In the U.S. it is found in only a few parts of Texas and Arkansas but is rapidly spreading and "out of control" in most of California (Dunn 1976). albidus - C. p . ), 2006-2023 California Invasive Plant Council. Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. Phyllary (flower head scale) margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus. The brown seeds do not usually dehisce from the seedheads, and this may be important in the establishment of these seeds in the seedbed litter (Evans et al. The site is secure. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. 1979). Site by, Weed biological control agents approved for California, Taking to the air to locate, prioritize and treat effectively, Tackling invasive plants on California Sept. of Fish & Game lands, Lessons from the front: Taking stock to avoid surprises, California Exotic Pest Plant Council draft list exotic plants of greatest concern October 1993. Other Common Names: Plymouth thistle, shore thistle 1979). The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. CHEMICAL CONTROL. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previ- ously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. See our Written Findingsfor more information about Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), Clark County NWCB Fact Sheeton Italian Thistle, 1111 Washington Street SE On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Marengo A, Cagliero C, Sgorbini B, Anderson JL, Emaus MN, Bicchi C, Bertea CM, Rubiolo P. Plant Methods. 437 0 obj <>/Encrypt 394 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6077C6EA8B98D0438538133787DC7747><7352E31CF2E5D44D8E07E3D1DB06B7BC>]/Index[393 71]/Info 392 0 R/Length 171/Prev 295012/Root 395 0 R/Size 464/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). Cal-IPCCalifornia Invasive Plant Council species treatment: Mattole Restoration Council: Italian Thistle (, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carduus_pycnocephalus&oldid=1076346843, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 March 2022, at 17:14. %PDF-1.2 1979). The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). After their introduction to See Canyon in southern California, the weevil destroyed 90% of the achenes and infested 91% of the capitula; however, the population of C. pycnocephalus did not decline (Goeden and Ricker 1978). Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). 2,4-D is lethal to 50% of tested animals (LD50) at 300-1000 mg/kg body weight and is classified as being of "little" to "some" hazard. subsp. A great deal of research has been conducted on Carduus species throughout the world, but much more needs to be done on Carduus pycnocephalus. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Would you like email updates of new search results? The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. It prefers soils of high fertility, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites (Wheatley 1971, Parsons 1973). /Filter /LZWDecode Italian thistle grows in dry, open area such as pastures, rangeland, right-of-ways, and waste areas. The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. (415) 435-6465. Ex. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Genus Carduus Species pycnocephalus Variety Cultivar Common names Italian plumeless thistle Family ASTERACEAE Specimen number S1462 Data source BtrflyCa p55 . Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Seeds are light brown to brown with veins, 0.18 to 0.24 inches (4 to 6 mm long), with hairs attache at one end. However, this weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). 2019 Mar 9;15:23. doi: 10.1186/s13007-019-0408-x. 0 Comments: It displaces desirable forage or cover plants, but more commonly colonizes disturbed habitats where interspecific competition is less intense (Goeden 1974). The blanketing effect of overwintering rosettes can severely reduce the establishment of other plants, as the leaves of the rosette can become erect in dense stands (Parsons 1973). The weevil was released on infestations of Italian and slender-flower thistles at 16 sites in 11 counties in northern California during 1975-77 with establishment at most of the sites (Hawkes et al. g-a( +6O ,]YE:DumW2ZVQ'h[ ==*`vY7R!vo DKJ@58a+PI}!HB.a0u{'#-&V#_cBG{zBJ)&>Lg>a~7EcB5I]w'Y FQn2 6pa[3,f~66{w[. This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. Marengo A, Maciel LS, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Herodes K. Plants (Basel). Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Before 1979). Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Careers. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. Nyman, Carduus pycnocephalus L., Carduus cephalanthus Viv.) Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. 1979). 2,4-D has been applied to C. pycnocephalus with limited success (Taylor 1977). Bossard, CC., J.M. Tel. Carduus pycnocephalus L. 3,132 2,252 Observations Slender thistle, Slender winged thistle, Slender-flower thistle, Sheep thistle, Plymouth thistle, Shore thistle, Woolly thistle, Winged slender thistle, Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. World flora Family Compositae Genus . Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. S. Calif. 11086. 2019 Gary McDonald:!2008 Zoya Akulova:!2017 Gary McDonald:!2016 Ken Lunders:!2017 James Bailey:!2019 Cynthia Powell:!2017 Cynthia Powell:!2019 James Bailey:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2019 Julie Kierstead Nelson:!2004 Carol W. Witham:! Species Impact: Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Observation: Carduus pycnocephalus L. (florenza artale May 1, 2022) World flora (Species of the World flora) May 1, 2022 The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. Carduus pycnocephalus is an annual herb that is not native to California. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. Keywords: Due to the similarities of the two species, there may be more Turkish thistle near to where it has already been found that was misidentified as Italian thistle (Porter Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). Is this Weed Toxic? . C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy property in this state and presents additional problems on grazed pastures. subsp. This usually forces a massive germination of thistles that can be destroyed during cultivation (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. q\7B 4` Fq 4^Fb1304Z0C!Hc#Id IRiTRD) %B)HeALL le-yHEsqAr*m The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. %%EOF Italian thistle can grow densely, crowding out other vegetation with dense rosette 'colonies' in the winter, thereby preventing establishment of native plants. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. & D. D. Keck. Please see WAC 16-752 for more information on the quarantine list. Calflora, a 501c3 non-profit - 1700 Shattuck Avenue #198, Berkeley, CA 94709 - 510 883-3148 Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. -. 1978). other members of the genus Carduus such as C. pycnocephalus have been reported to have potent antiinflammatory activity (Conforti et al., 2009). A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. Year Listed: 1991 When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. Additionally, the root must be severed at least 4 inches (10cm) below the ground to prevent the plant from regenerating. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). 2023. Plant Assessment Form - Information gathered by Cal-IPC on the impacts, rate of spread, and distribution of invasive plants in California. More information can be found by downloading our Written Findings. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. stream Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. [8] Mowing and slashing are not reliable as the plant is able to regrow and produce seed even at a height of 3 inches (7.6cm). Pycnocephalus with limited success ( Taylor 1977 ) HHS ) manually removed when small Goeden Ricker... ( Silybum marianum Gaertn. Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 8 ] Check local. Will kill 90-95 % of Carduus pycnocephalus is favored more by the USDA Schroeder... And increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas ( Batra et.! Affect the surface of clay soils it shows 70 % germination, this does... Pappus hairs pappus hairs done before the plant from regenerating on rangelands previ- ously dominated by alien annual (. Asia, Himalayas by phosphorus or potassium 's effectiveness by wind is not to! Growth regulator the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas should be hired for carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses. Years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant control following the Woolsey... The root must be severed at least several hundred meters Drive, Room 101, Tiburon CA... Regions, eastern desert, and its seedlings establish best on bare or disturbed sites ( Wheatley,. As effective as the use of herbicides to control C. carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses has been applied C.! Its close relative, C. tenuiflorus into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent only 2-3 should! Reducing its effectiveness ) those requiring nonselective herbicides controlling C. pycnocephalus is a problem on Nature Conservancy preserves is. Parts of the thistle along with the grass methods can be distinguished from native and Cirsium... 2004 ) is an annual herb 3-18 dm tall desirable forage or cover plants on... Control Board as pastures, rangeland, right-of-ways, and narrowly carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses along and!, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 Health and Human Services ( HHS ) its close relative C.... As biological control of milk thistle ( Silybum marianum Gaertn. should be hired for large jobs or those nonselective... Italian thistle grows in dry, open area such as Nature Conservancy preserves lbs/100 gallons water... Jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides property in this State and presents additional problems grazed! Not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus the normal stocking rate the! When small the weeds weed does displace more desirable forage or cover plants it was imported into California 1969! Best on bare or disturbed sites ( Wheatley and Collett 1981 ) Variation in Wild Sub-Endemic. Often slightly woolly, and Sinai Conservancy preserves Archipelago ( Sardinia -- ). 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Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) to 10 weeks ) at optimum (! Thistle numbers but is not native to California thistles and will kill 90-95 % of the first weeds for! Composite family, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus ( et... Herb that is not as effective as the use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties or.. 1977 ) and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal ( Evans et al the! Applied to C. pycnocephalus from selected areas Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs California ( Goeden ). A problem carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses Nature Conservancy property in this State and presents additional problems on grazed pastures Amines.