The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. [19] Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. [1] South Africa's prehistory has been divided into two phases based on broad patterns of technology namely the Stone Age and Iron Age. Providing important rest and refuelling stations, the Royal Navy could ensure vital sea lane connections to the British Raj, and the Far East stayed open. [248], Police and military authorities were mobilised to quell the unrest. CS3012.U5 South Africa 12. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The National Party championed Afrikaner interests, advocating separate development for the two white groups, and independence from Britain. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. The prehistory and history of South Africa span nearly the entire known existence of human beings and their ancestorssome three million years or moreand include the wandering of small bands of hominins through the savanna, the inception of herding and farming as ways of life, and the construction of large urban centres. This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State.[85]. [34] The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto",[35] and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of Roman-Dutch law. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. Many African last names reference wealth and the aristocracy. After the suppression of the abortive, pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914, the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain. Many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to Britain and Ireland. Ledwaba Southern African, South African, Zulu From Zulu meaning "rock". The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas, as well as in his journals, which were only discovered in 1964. This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid, an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", was implemented in 1948. He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on 2 December 1879. [110], Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. Origin: Ghanaian Meaning: "Child that keeps coming or reincarnation." Kanumba Origin: Tanzanian Meaning: Unknown. [127], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. [230][231][232] Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture[233] often involving allegations against the Gupta family. South African Broadcasting Corporation and South African History Archive, Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:53, Learn how and when to remove this template message, migrated from the western region of central Africa, Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company, Military history of the Dutch East India Company, Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State, Military history of South Africa during World War I, Military history of South Africa during World War II, South African Institute of Race Relations, Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa, "Portuguese & Dutch Exploration of South Africa", "Dutch East India Company (DEIC)/VOC | South African History Online", "mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations", "History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation", "The archaeology of indigenous herders in the Western Cape of South Africa", "Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages", "The archaeological evidence for the appearance of pastoralism and farming in southern Africa", "The Untold Stories of Slavery at Cape Town's Iziko Slave Lodge", "South Africa - British occupation of the Cape | Britannica", https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/batavian-republic-1803-1806, "A Tempest In A Teapot? The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924, the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found. Mafanela South African. Around 1800, they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River, arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area, which they named Griqualand. [186] On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia, India and China, and throughout southern Africa, making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads.[25]. Luckhoff South African Lupondo South African Luter South African Madia South African Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. Between 1847 and 1854, Harry Smith, governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony, annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. [198] The armed wing of the ANC, Umkhonto weSizwe (abbreviation MK, meaning Spear of the Nation) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent AngloBoer war. [27], The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships. At its peak in 1987, the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. Philip's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region, and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony. The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave, thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing. [154], The segregationist policies of apartheid stemmed from colonial legislation introduced during the period of Dutch rule in the 17th century, which was continued and expanded upon during the British colonial era, and reached its apogee during the Boer-dominated Union of South Africa. 32. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. Afrikaner settlers in particular were loath to live under Moshoesoe's authority and among Africans.[84]. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. [206], A non-racial United Democratic Front (UDF) coalition of about 400 civic, church, student, trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. Initially, a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued. Gill: Gill is a Punjabi surname. [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity, consisting of the ANC, the National Party and Inkatha. The first modern humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco). It is now common in South Africa. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). In 1874, Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being. 83,000 Blacks and 2,500 Coloureds and Asians also served in either German South-West Africa, East Africa, the Middle East, or on the Western Front in Europe. Under the provisions of the act, the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch represented by a Governor-General. [52], The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention. [102], In 1888, British mining magnate Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. "Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa", "How the ANC's Faustian pact sold out South Africa's poorest", "White South Africans are leaving the country in their thousands: Stats SA", "More black than white South Africans leaving the country", "More skilled black professionals are leaving South Africa", "Rabbi Goldstein, as part of NIFC-SA, reaches out to Lonmin victims", "Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep", "BETRAYAL OF THE PROMISE: HOW SOUTH AFRICA IS BEING STOLEN", "The political economy of corruption: elite-formation,factions and violence", "South Africa's Scandal-Hit State Firms Put Economy on 'Cliff's Edge', "South Africa's economic growth affected by mismatch of electricity supply and demand", "ENERGY EQUITY OP-ED: Universal access to electricity is a necessary prerequisite to ending poverty itself", "How the ANC government broke Eskom 2008 versus 2018", "South Africa: How Jacob Zuma helped destroy Eskom", 2011 UNHCR country operations profile South Africa, "S Africa violence spreads after Jacob Zuma jailed", "Deaths climb to 72 in South Africa riots after Zuma jailed", "South Africa deploys military as protests turn violent in wake of Jacob Zuma's jailing", "LIVE UPDATES: Looting and violence in Gauteng and KZN", "Mapisa-Nqakula: We have deployed 25 000 soldiers", "Flare-up in taxi war sparks looting alarm in Cape Town city centre", "Cyber attacks expose the vulnerability of South Africa's ports", "Call to 'connect dots between insurrection modus operandi and crippling Transnet cyber attack', "Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards", Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Dr Cyril Hromnk on research into ancient history of Africa, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=1141882968. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. Newbury (1987), p.1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut (eds). FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Mannan: Mannan is a Hindu surname meaning 'king' in Tamil. It caused the consolidation of groups such as the Matebele, the Mfengu and the Makololo. "[215], Following the ANC's electoral victory in 1994, the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented. Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief were killed. [122], The AngloBoer War affected all ethnic groups in South Africa. Ismail bowled a delivery at a speed of 80 miles per hour i.e. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. For the veterans among your South African ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. [citation needed], The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. Fourie, J. From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters. [4] The Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Cape Town under the command of Jan van Riebeeck in 1652,[5] European workers who settled at the Cape became known as the Free Burghers and gradually established farms in the Dutch Cape Colony.[6]. 1972. 4. [113] Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult, even with an offer of improved wages. Khumalo: Pretorius: Pretorius is a surname of Germanic origins. Madia South African. Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. [218] As of 2021, tens of thousands of white South Africans continue to emigrate each year. The Dutch East India Company (in the Dutch of the day: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape in 1652. [74], Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed, Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni, who later became folk heroes, were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown, a distance of 600km (372.82 miles) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements. A Adriaanse Alberts (name) B Badenhorst Bakkes Bekker Blaauw Blignault Blignaut Booi Booysen Boshoff Bosman Botha Breytenbach Burger (surname) Buys C Cilliers Cloete (surname) Coetzee Cronje In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. This list may not reflect recent changes . ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). Popular South African Surnames and Meanings Abara - This surname is of Igbo origin and it means "spirit." Adebisi - The meaning of this last name is "the king" and it is of Yoruba origin. [180] The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,0001,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. Magombo Swahili, African, Swazi (Rare) Meaning unknown, possibly related from the fore name of the same name. [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. [144] He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich. The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century. The Freeman surname origin was from the person who was a freeman, one who was not a serf and thus had certain rights. The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877, during Britain's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule. [167] The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to "black-on-black" or factional violence within the communities. When he did not pay the fine in full, a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852, where the British suffered heavy losses. [216] A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders (meaning those who would fight to the bitter end) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare, which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics. South African surnames. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. To Moshoeshoe the BaSotho chieftain from Lesotho, it was customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance of land use under his authority. Since 2007 South Africa has experienced an ongoing energy crisis that has negatively impacted the country's economy,[237] its ability to create jobs,[237] and reduce poverty. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. [228] The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC, the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions.[229]. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. It comes from the word Latin "praetor" and it's very common in South Africa. [121] 30. [135], Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.[136]. The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. The Ibibio name Akpan means firstborn son.