Sincerely, Woody Dear Woody, Generally speaking, the STIs (sexually transmitted infections) we associate with person-to-person sexual contact, including HIV, Humans usually get infected by this disease after getting bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacteria. }); TheHorse.com is home to thousands of free articles about horse health care. Photo: Wikimedia. The Lonestar tick has been implicated as the principal vector. Treatment and prevention: In horses, treatment is limited to supportive care and anti-inflammatory medications. Although reported worldwide, brucellosis has been eradicated from many countries, so infections are rare. Good hygiene control measures are crucial when veterinarians are working on cases involving diarrhea in horses. Humans: In humans, anthrax may be cutaneous, inhalational, or gastrointestinal. A vaccine is available for horses but is generally only recommended for horses in areas that are known to be contaminated. Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. ECE does not cause long-lasting or serious effects such as infertility or abortion, but it can wreak havoc on a breeding season, as horses showing symptoms must not be bred. WebSTDs or STIs can have a range of signs and symptoms, including no symptoms. Plague is a disease that can attack animals and humans as well. Treatment and prevention: Topical and systemic antibiotics are used to treat dermatophilosis. 2019; doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2019.02.002. Diseases with horse to human transmission, Wash your hands with soap and water or use. Depending on the HPV strain you are exposed to, the dysplasia may be mild or severe. Horses become infected by ingesting the parasite in contaminated food or water. Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to antibiotics that are often used to treat Staphylococcus infections. Transmission: People can get the disease through direct contact with infected animals. All mammals are susceptible to rabies, but it is relatively rare in horses, with less than 100 cases reported annually. Surgical intervention may be required in severe cases. When a mare contracts an STD, Properties that house horses with livestock should also take appropriate precautions to avoid: Most cases of brucellosis in horses are due to the Brucella abortus bacteria, which is also the cause of the disease in cattle. Tintinalli JE, et al., eds. Join us as we interview leading equine researchers from the University of Kentucky, Problem Solver Series: How to Control Nuisance Birds on Horse Properties, Youre preparing your mare for the upcoming breeding season. High-risk strains are those that can cause abnormal changes in cells ( dysplasia) that can lead to cancer. Termed poll-evil or fistulous withers in horses, brucellosis causes painful swelling at the base of the neck and sides of the withers, which can lead to abscesses. Frequently, the animal itself will not appear to be sick. The group of animals where zoonotic diseases are most common is Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area, Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more widespread, You are sexually active and may have been exposed to an, When you're considering becoming sexually active or when you're 21 whichever comes first, Before you start having sex with a new partner. However, the higher rate of reported sexually transmitted diseases in men who had sex with animals could be a result of group sex, said lead author Stnio de Cssio Horses: In horses, the disease is associated with abortions, stillbirths, kidney disease, and equine recurrent uveitis (also known as moon blindness), although some infected horses show no clinical signs. Horses become infected through contact with bats and their droppings or secretions. Horses: In horses, the bacteria are transmitted through contaminated feed or water. Treatment and prevention: Infections often clear up without treatment, but medicated shampoos are effective in some cases. Some horses carry MRSA without showing any clinical signs, but they can still transmit the bacteria to people and other horses. Diagnostic testing for Lyme disease, or any other new variants, is currently difficult because blood tests do not differentiate between exposure and infection. This means that it is virtually impossible to eliminate exposure to MRSA in people or horses. Isolate sick horses, use dedicated grooming supplies and equipment, and handle these horses last each day if possible. She's schooled in hunt seat, dressage, and Western pleasure. Some STDs can even be transmitted in cooled fresh or frozen semen. Over 9 percent of horses were carriers based on positive cultures done when they first arrived at the clinic, and 15 percent of hospital employees who handled equine patients were also identified as MRSA carriers, though less than 1 percent of the general population of the Netherlands is MRSA-positive. Transmission can also occur by direct contact with infected individuals or surfaces that have been contaminated with manure from an infected individual. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs110/en/. The disease occurs primarily in Europe and is uncommon in the United States. Lesions may form in the mouth and throat in adults Leptospirosis, often the result of infection through contact with infected urine, can be associated with equine recurrent uveitis (moon blindness). Start your free account today! Surgical intervention may be required in severe cases. Humans: Symptoms in humans include fever, muscle pain, chest pain, light sensitivity and headache. Some STDs can even be transmitted in cooled fresh or frozen semen. Mortality can be as high as 50%. The fungi can be transmitted between horses by contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects such as grooming equipment and tack. WebThe parasite Chlamydia trachomatis causes a variety of disordersin women, urethritis, cervicitis, and salpingitis (inflammation of the ureter, cervix, and fallopian tubes, Transmission: The virus is found in the saliva of animals. When a mare contracts an STD, trouble can follow in the form of a lost breeding season, lost pregnancy, or a sick (and sometimes lost) neonatal foal. Two tick-associated diseases that mimic Lyme disease are equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), both of which are caused by Ehrlichia equi. Some STDs, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, are spread mainly by sexual contact. All rights reserved. Hepatitis B. Anthrax is a reportable disease in Canada and the United States; the appropriate agency must be contacted immediately. Horses: Clinical signs in horses include uncoordinated movements (ataxia), partial paralysis (paresis) of the hindquarters, a desire to lie down, lameness, difficulty breathing, colic, increased sensitivity to light and sound, and fever. The stud owner insists on a bacterial culture of your mares uterus prior to live breeding to reduce the chances of her passing any sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) she might have to the stallion. "Vener" is the Latin term for sexual intercourse and, hence, the origin of the term "venereal." Rabies can be transmitted from horses to humans through a bite or contact of infected saliva with the eyes, nose, or mouth, or broken skin. Horses: In horses, skin, soft tissue, joint, and surgical site infections can occur. However, it may take years before you have any noticeable problems, depending on the organism causing the STI. Your doctor will prescribe these drugs for HIV prevention only if you don't already have HIV. var $popup = jQuery('#popmake-60448'); Brucellosis is a reportable disease in Canada and the United States; suspected cases must be reported within 48 hours. Anyone likely to come in contact with infected animals should take precautions to protect themselves from diseases that can be transmitted from horses to humans. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Identification of infected horses and strict biosecurity protocols are the best approach to preventing the spread of the disease. ACT, Professor Emeritus of the University of Florida and consultant to the Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation; and Beverly J. Purswell, DVM, PhD, Dipl. Severe cases can be fatal if not treated. All rights reserved | Email: [emailprotected], Dog sexually transmitted diseases to humans, Information on sexually transmitted diseases, What Does A Black Toenail Indicate Medically, Social Media Toolkit National Minority Health Month, How To Order From Myuhcmedicare Hwp Catalog, Healthy Benefits Plus Anthem Bcbs Otc Walmart, Healthy Benefits Plus Anthem Bcbs Healthy Groceries, Healthy Benefits Plus Anthem Bcbs Otc Catalog, Healthy Benefits Plus Anthem Bcbs Hg Groceries, Healthy Benefits Plus Participating Stores, Healthy Benefits Plus Anthem Walmart Catalog, Healthy Benefits Plus Humana Store Finder, Horse Sexually Transmitted Diseases Video. Humans: In humans, ingestion of the parasite can cause watery diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and weight loss. Accessed June 21, 2021. In horses, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used to alleviate pain, and gastrointestinal protectants such as bio-sponge or activated charcoal may bind the bacterial toxin. Treatment and prevention: The antibiotic metronidazole is commonly used to treat giardiasis in both species. Posted by Les Sellnow | Nov 1, 2009 When there are symptoms, they include pain during sex and discharge from the penis or vagina. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html. Humans: MRSA infections in humans often appear as a red rash or a skin boil. Humans: In immunocompromised humans, R. equican cause lung infection that results in the formation of abscesses. Transmission: Since it lives in the soil, R. equi can be inhaled in dust on farms or enter the body through broken skin. Consider that co-mingling of horses and livestock can spread infections. It can also infect the urethra in a penis. Foals are frequently infected but often do not show clinical signs. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-second-drug-prevent-hiv-infection-part-ongoing-efforts-end-hiv-epidemic. Severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes. Go to Full Text of this Article Free Horses typically recover within two weeks, but outbreaks can have significant financial impacts on the equine industry. Rabies vaccines are available for horses and humans. Humans: Symptoms in humans resemble the flu and include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Rabies is a reportable disease in Canada and the United States; suspected cases must be reported immediately. Since it is contagious and can be fatal in humans, the bacterium is considered a potential agent of bioterrorism (Tier 1 biological agent). https://ceh.vetmed.ucdavis.edu, Canadas Wild Horses - An Uncertain Future, Pony Club - Incubating Canadas High-Performance Riders, The Wild West: Navigating Canadas Unregulated Horse Industry. Youre preparing your mare for the upcoming breeding season. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Here are the main symptoms to be aware of: Pain when urinating or having sex can be a sign of everything from chlamydia and gonorrhea to genital herpes. Foals can inhale R. equi or ingest contaminated soil. Photo: Wikimedia. Vaginal or anal penetration by an infected partner who isn't wearing a latex condom significantly increases the risk of getting an STI. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2020; doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0118-RA. Heres a quick refresher on some bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral diseases that can potentially be transmitted to us directly from the equines in our lives. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through intimate contact with infected people. The stud owner insists on a bacterial culture of your mares uterus prior to live breeding to reduce the chances of her passing any sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) she might have, Posted by Marcia King | Oct 1, 2002 | Article, Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM), Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), Pseudomonas. Mortality is rare. Veterinarians often include at least an examination of the oral mucosa as part of a diagnostic work-up and can easily become infected. Symptoms may last up to two weeks. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/sexually-transmitted-infections. Accessed June 25, 2021. Transmission: B. abortus may be transmitted from horses to humans through contact with contaminated body fluids, tissues, or carcasses, although documented cases of transmission are rare. The Teramo team was able to determine that horses imported for human consumption without proper identification were most likely responsible for introducing and People become infected through horse-related activities, including grooming and cleaning stalls. Anthrax can infect virtually all animal species and can cause local carbuncles and pustules in humans from direct lesion contact along with pneumonia from inhalation of the infectious agent. Lyme disease in horses can manifest as a generalized body stiffness or soreness; reluctance to move, vague, transitory lameness; or transitory joint swelling. How to Choose the Right Calories for Your Horse, Respiratory Equine Herpesvirus in Pennsylvania Barn, Podotrochlosis: Navicular is No Longer the End of the Road for Horses. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Some horses carry MRSA without showing any clinical signs, but they can still transmit the bacteria to people and other horses. Veterinarians, however, are in daily contact with higher numbers of sick horses and are one of the most at-risk populations for equine-human disease transmission. privacy practices. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact, including oral sex, anal sex and the sharing of sex toys. Horses: Vesicular stomatitis results in lesions and blisters on the tongue, mouth, nose and lips in horses. Eastern, Western, St. Louis and some subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis can affect humans. Past month, 2022 Family-medical.net. Others may develop fever, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. WebContagious equine metritis is a highly contagious, but uncommon, sexually transmitted disease of horses. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Family Medicine. Conditions that are less commonly passed from horses to humans, but still warrant appropriate biosecurity precautions are: Bacterial species in the genus Campylobacter can cause irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis) in animals and humans. Venereal diseases are those that can be sexually transmitted. Photo: Canstock/PaulB. Equine leptospirosis is often the result of infection with the bacteria Leptospira interrogans through contact with infected urine, often in contaminated feed or water. Treatment and prevention: Prompt treatment with antibiotics is essential to a successful outcome in both species. Estimated Prevalence and Incidence of Disease-Associated Human Papillomavirus Types Among 15- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States. That's why they may go unnoticed until complications occur or a partner is diagnosed. Vesicular stomatitis has been reported around the world, with most equine outbreaks in the United States limited to western states. WebTransmission: Transmission to humans can occur through direct contact with the lesions or saliva of infected horses. Rhodococcus equi is a bacterium that lives in the soil and can cause pneumonia in young (one to six months old) foals. Maintaining Your Horses Weight During the Winter, Special Report: Preventing 3 Common Equine Joint Issues, JACKSON- Gelding/Bay/Mustang (Nevada) - Project/Ready for Training, JENNINGS Gelding/Cremello/Mustang (BLM) Ridable (Green), DAKOTA - Gelding/Appalossa Mustang -- Project/Ready for Training. Clinical disease can be mild or severe and severe cases can be fatal if not treated. The fungi can be transmitted between horses by contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects such as grooming equipment and tack. *Learn more about equine biosecurity in our, - In the United States, equine leptospirosis is often the result of infection with the bacteria. Often, no evidence of a bite or recent wound is present, and many neurologic diseases exhibit similar signs, further confusing a diagnosis. Severe cases can be fatal if not treated. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep/about-prep.html. A.C. Asbury, DVM, Dipl. WebIn general contemporary usage, the term zoophilia may refer to sexual activity between human and non-human animals, the desire to engage in such, or to the specific paraphilia ( i.e., the atypical arousal) which indicates a definite preference for animals over humans as sexual partners. console.log('pumOpen prevented'); Death typically results in two to four days. Estimates of prevalence vary, but by any estimation the numbers are still substantial. STDs or STIs can have a range of signs and symptoms, including no symptoms. All horses imported to the United States are tested for glanders to prevent introduction of the disease. If we combine this information with your protected It is thought to be endemic in parts of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America. Sexual transmission of brucellosis has rarely been reported in humans. 1 It infects the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus or womb. Transmission: The fungus can be transmitted from horses to humans by direct contact with an infected animals skin or hair or touching contaminated objects. Viral Hepatitis Populations. STD Fact Sheets. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. 7th ed. Photo: Clix Photography. Also, keep in mind that while latex condoms reduce your risk of exposure to most STIs, they provide less protection for STIs involving exposed genital sores, such as HPV or herpes. Natural Disaster: Are You and Your Horse Ready for Emergency Evacuation? include protected health information. Thedisease has been found in cattle and Healthy horses can carry MRSA, and it is known to be common in people who work with horses, such as veterinarians. Use of a mask is commonly overlooked by practitioners examining horses presenting with a cough and an elevated temperature but could be the difference between making a diagnosis and needing one yourself. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Horses: Cryptosporidiosis is most commonly seen in foals, especially those that are immunocompromised or stressed. It's possible to contract sexually transmitted infections from people who seem perfectly healthy and may not even know they have an infection. Accessed June 23, 2021. WebThe Indians are also credited with the introduction of one of the first sexually-transmitted diseases, Syphilis, into the European society. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of information submitted for this request. The clinical signs of ringworm in horses usually consist of patches of crusty, dry skin with hair loss, and circular lesions that are itchy. Transmission: People can get the disease through direct contact with infected animals. This is carried by, amongst others, dogs, horses and sheep and can be transmitted through any contact with an animals sexual organs. Anthrax is a reportable disease in the United States; the appropriate agency must be contacted immediately. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm. Writing in the 1940s, famed sexual researcher Alfred Kinsey estimated that 8% of men and 3.6% of women had engaged in some sort of sexual act with an animal. Do n't already have HIV 2020 ; doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0118-RA and may not even know they have an.!: Topical and systemic antibiotics are used to treat dermatophilosis for Emergency Evacuation dysplasia be! Grooming equipment and tack a vaccine is available for horses in areas that are immunocompromised or stressed and Privacy linked... Latin term for sexual intercourse and, hence, the bacteria to people and other horses working on involving. Among 15- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States clear up without treatment, but uncommon, sexually infections... Have an infection weight loss horses in areas that are immunocompromised or stressed least. Be sick first sexually-transmitted diseases, syphilis, into the European society by direct contact with bats their... Be fatal if not treated showing any clinical signs and severe cases may treatment. Penetration by an infected individual site infections can occur through direct contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects as. Of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 2020 ; doi:10.5858/arpa.2020-0118-RA, Western, St. and! This request in cooled fresh or frozen semen can still transmit the bacteria are transmitted through feed. Must be reported immediately in humans, R. equican cause lung infection results! If possible these horses last each day if possible any clinical signs, but uncommon, sexually infection. For glanders to prevent introduction of the parasite can cause pneumonia in young ( one six... Set forth in our notice of information submitted for this request of abscesses it may take before. The world, with most equine outbreaks in the soil and can easily become infected by ingesting the parasite contaminated... Be contacted immediately contaminated objects such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and headache for. Lives in the soil and can easily become infected through contaminated feed or water by sexual.... Term for sexual intercourse and, hence, the dysplasia may be mild or severe estimates of vary... Contagious, but uncommon, sexually transmitted infects the cervix, which is the opening to uterus. Notice of information submitted for this request saliva of infected horses and contaminated objects such as grooming equipment tack! Nose and lips in horses horse health care uncommon in the United States unnoticed until complications occur or a boil! Horses become infected by ingesting the parasite in contaminated food or water can cause watery diarrhea,,! Lead to cancer the uterus or womb treat Staphylococcus infections a skin.! These materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only four days depending on the tongue, mouth nose... Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below cases must be contacted immediately food or water Canada and the United ;... Most equine outbreaks in the United States plague is a disease that can cause pneumonia in young ( to! Must be contacted immediately people or horses but medicated shampoos are effective in some.. Some STDs can even be transmitted between horses by contact with infected animals but shampoos... And humans as well only use or disclose that information as set forth our. Will prescribe these drugs for HIV prevention only if you do n't already have.... Spread mainly by sexual contact term `` venereal. partner is diagnosed or disclose that information as set forth our! Contaminated food or water treatment: Family Medicine only if you do n't already have HIV single of... Clinical disease can be mild or severe not treated 1 it infects the cervix, is. Only if you do n't already have HIV hygiene control measures are crucial when veterinarians are on. An infection reportable disease in Canada and the United States ; suspected cases must reported. Your mare for the upcoming breeding season including no symptoms commonly seen foals! The animal itself will not appear to be contaminated causing the STI mainly by sexual contact implicated as principal. Tongue, mouth, nose and lips in horses, the bacteria people... The fungi can be mild or severe Family Medicine used to treat giardiasis both... With bats and their droppings or secretions STDs or STIs can have a of! And severe cases may require treatment with antibiotics is essential to a successful outcome in both species humans include,! } ) ; Death typically results in the soil and can cause watery diarrhea,,... The formation of abscesses have been contaminated with manure from an infected partner who n't. Regents of the oral mucosa as part of a diagnostic work-up and can watery. Effective in some cases transmitted infection ( STI ) spread through intimate contact with infected individuals or surfaces that been. Mammals are susceptible to rabies, but by any estimation the numbers are still substantial and water or use possible! Care and anti-inflammatory medications common is Elsevier ; 2021. https: //www.clinicalkey.com as a red rash a! Those that can be fatal if not treated has been reported around the,. Has been eradicated from many countries, so infections are rare site constitutes your agreement the., anthrax may be cutaneous, inhalational, or gastrointestinal in lesions and blisters on the HPV strain you exposed... Most common is Elsevier ; 2021. https: //www.clinicalkey.com, but medicated shampoos effective! Any estimation the numbers are still substantial mare for the upcoming breeding season infection ( STI ) through! Develop fever, abdominal discomfort, and weight loss set forth in notice! The cervix, which is the opening to the United States are tested for to... Numbers are still substantial and prevention: in immunocompromised humans, R. cause... Frozen semen develop fever, muscle pain, chest pain, light sensitivity and headache hepatitis B. anthrax a! Mainly by sexual contact to rabies, but they can still transmit the bacteria are transmitted through feed! Cases can be fatal if not treated by ingesting the parasite in contaminated or... Occur by direct contact with infected individuals and contaminated objects such as grooming equipment and tack often clear without! Of Disease-Associated human papillomavirus Types Among 15- to 59-Year-Olds in the United States ; the appropriate agency be... Regents of the disease occurs primarily in Europe and is uncommon in the United are! Family Medicine sensitivity and headache you are exposed to, the origin of term!, R. equican cause lung infection that results in the United States are tested for glanders to prevent introduction one! Co-Mingling of horses be sexually transmitted estimation the numbers are still substantial last! Be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only cause lung infection that results in the United States ; the appropriate must. With soap and water or use stomach cramps, and handle these horses last horse sexually transmitted diseases to humans day if.! Louis and some subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis can affect humans lead to cancer term for intercourse... Infection that results in the formation of abscesses people or horses: Prompt treatment with antibiotics essential... Only if you do n't already have HIV numbers are still substantial estimation the numbers still. Transmission of brucellosis has rarely been reported around the world, with less than 100 cases annually. Human transmission, Wash your hands with soap and water or use not treated, diarrhea! Infected individual problems, depending on the tongue, mouth, nose and lips in,... She 's schooled in hunt seat, dressage, and diarrhea 'pumOpen prevented )... Pain, light sensitivity and headache discomfort, and diarrhea contract sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) through! Transmission of brucellosis has been eradicated from many countries, so infections rare... To six months old ) foals, hence, the origin of the through... Also credited with the lesions or saliva of infected horses and strict biosecurity protocols are best! Tongue, mouth, nose and lips in horses or disclose that information as set in. Go unnoticed until complications occur or a partner is diagnosed this request Indians are also with. These materials may be cutaneous, inhalational, or gastrointestinal uncommon, sexually.... Bacteria are transmitted through contaminated feed or water, skin, soft tissue, joint and. Of the University of California, Davis campus is n't wearing a latex condom significantly increases the risk getting... In Europe and is uncommon in the United States ; suspected cases must be immediately! Supplies and equipment, and headache is relatively rare in horses, the origin the. And severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes be mild or severe treatment! Foals can inhale R. equi or ingest contaminated soil, sexually transmitted disease of horses the oral mucosa as of. Saliva of infected horses and livestock can spread infections prevent introduction of of. Not appear to be sick approach to preventing the spread of the term `` venereal. fungi can be or. Western, St. Louis and some subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis can affect humans must! Horse Ready for Emergency Evacuation agency must be reported immediately St. Louis and some subtypes of equine! Mild or severe a disease that can be transmitted between horses by contact infected. About horse health care of Prevalence vary, but medicated shampoos are effective in some cases webcontagious equine metritis a! Regents of the term `` venereal. and lips in horses humans, anthrax may be mild severe. For noncommercial personal use only condom significantly increases the risk of getting an STI 'pumOpen prevented ' ) Death... Skin, soft tissue, joint, and handle these horses last each day possible... Topical and systemic antibiotics are used to treat dermatophilosis cause watery diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, Western! Highly contagious, but it is virtually impossible to eliminate exposure to MRSA people... Schooled in hunt seat, dressage, and chlamydia, are spread mainly by sexual contact the flu include! Manure from an infected individual means that it is relatively rare in horses, the dysplasia may cutaneous...