With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. This is Part 5. Jim Turner: The most salient point that I recall is that Camerons son told us that he'd taken his father's private records and had destroyed them. Alison Steel won compensation for her mother's misery in 2017, says the CBC: $100,000 in exchange for ending legal action. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Operating under the umbrella of MKUltra were as many as 162 sub-projects, with as many as 80 different organizations involved in research. Amory: He said he did not destroy documents, that he didn't know about that. He did and he got it. Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. Though he did visit the Allan Memorial on occasion. Amory: We definitely will. Birthdate: June 04, 1906. Psychiatric experimentation: the lessons or history, The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol. He was there when his legal partner, Joseph Rauh, took Camerons deposition. And there some of them were high risk ones. In 1938 he received his diploma in psychiatry and became professor of neurology, psychiatry at University at . It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement. And we would take off. Amory: Just not in the way he might have hoped. If he had a choice he would have kept living forever. Canada's McGill University has owned up to the part it played in MKUltra's Sub-project 68, and they say that it really started before Dr. Ewen Cameron even got involved. Cameron viewed German society throughout history as continually giving rise to fearsome aggression. Amory: Ben and I are in an apartment in Washington D.C. thats bursting with morning light and books, and were flipping through some of our hosts old family photos. Cameron quickly found patients didn't want to listen to the messages. Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. Kinzer: Later on, it became the basis for manuals that the CIA provided in the 1980s to police forces in Latin America that were known to practice torture. Duncan: They got close to the top and James looked around and my father had passed away. (laughter). You have been subscribed to WBUR Today. I then *went through* the papers, because I felt that it would be improper to leave in the papers any paper that identified patients. Take a guess. And one of these risks was the treatment that he was using. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. ", So, they went back to a 1983 court transcript, where Duncan was called to the stand to testify about what happened to his father's documents. Sarah Anne Johnson: I imagine this is very difficult for his family. The line between fantasy and reality blurred. Dr. Morrow, says The Washington Post, had applied for a fellowship in psychiatry with Cameron. Duncan: Well, I think he was always fascinated in the future. Amory: But even on their long drives from Montreal to upstate New York, Duncan says his dad never really talked about work. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebb's sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatry's instruments of torture. He published a book called Remembering[18] and extended psychiatric links to human biology. Ben: Sure. But we do have his son, Duncan Cameron. He died of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the Adirondacks in 1967. [14] Hess later confessed that he had faked the amnesia. He was always interested in the future. Ben: Even though Cameron never gave the CIA the keys to control peoples minds, he did give them the tools to break peoples minds down experimental drugs, recordings on loop, sensory deprivation. His work had led him to the belief that mental illness could be "cured" like, say, a broken hip might be rehabilitated. We love making Endless Thread, and we want to be able to keep making it far into the future. Experts must develop methods of forcefully changing attitudes and beliefs to prevent the authoritarian overlord. His response? In the late 1940s, Cameron presented his ideas in a lecture entitled Dangerous Men and Women. These negative statements were sometimes taken from the therapy sessions Cameron conducted when patients first arrived, says Rebecca Lemov, author of "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron." Duncan: You see, he doesn't have a scowl. music, sound effects, tone) are harder to translate to text. From 1939 to 1943 he was professor of neurology and psychiatry at Albany Medical College, and at the Russell Sage School of Nursing, also in the Albany area. Husband of Marielene Schlumberger. [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. The second stage involved extreme, high voltage multiple electroshock treatments three times daily. Donald Hebb the psychiatrist who started the whole mess with his sensory deprivation experiments had even less kind things to say: "Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria, per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Duncan: This is at the Lake Placid Club in Lake Placid, New York. You know, all of us not only respected him, but loved him, and not just myself, but my brothers. I mean his father was a very prominent psychiatrist, so destroying rather than preserving personal papers of someone of that prominence is a very unusual thing, especially for a family member to have done. The personality types are as follows: Cameron believed that a society in which psychiatry built and developed the institutions of government, schools, prisons and hospitals would be one in which science triumphed over the "sick" members of society. The insecure man "They are the driven crowds that makes the army of the authoritarian overlord; they are the stuffing of conservatism mediocrity is their god. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. His brutal techniques involved a three-stage method for brainwashing in order to eliminate the will and establish control: first, mental depatterning achieved through drug-induced coma; massive neuroleptic drug cocktails induced extended sleep lasting up to eighty-six days. Cleghorn immediately went and took a long, hard look at what Cameron had actually been doing in his little corner of the university, and he was pretty shocked. Today, we're talking to one of the only people who will stand up for Dr. Cameron. It was the start of a series of experiments backed by the British, the Americans, and the Canadians, and they wanted to know what prolonged sensory deprivation actually did to a person. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown . Not only was Ewen Cameron running the Allan Memorial, but he was leading psychiatric organizations, he was teaching at McGill University, and he was still seeing private patients. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". Ben: Today we grapple with Dr. Ewen Camerons legacy. Esther Schrier who was a nurse at Montreal's Jewish General Hospital tragically lost her first child at just three weeks of age. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. She was gonna go out there and do something. Amory: Marian was 5 years old when her mom was admitted to the Allan for what she thinks was postpartum depression. Jim: But again, you know, the deposition transcript, you're going to have to rely on that, like we did. Cameron placed the psychiatric treatment unit inside of the hospital and inspected its success. Kinzer: If Cameron had failed to find an effective means of mind control despite carrying out the most reckless experiments, in which he was willing to take any kind of a grotesque step in an effort to find that key, this must have helped feed Gottlieb's conclusion that the whole thing didn't exist. More about the Cameron family name; Sponsored by Ancestry. Duncan Cameron: No. And you see this actual physical manual on how to break down the human mind. His successor at Allan, Robert Cleghorn, would later write (via "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,""Cameron's controversial practices [are] now thoroughly discredited." [17] Cameron argued that it was necessary for behavioral scientists to act as the social planners of society, and that the United Nations could provide a conduit for implementing his ideas for applying psychiatric elements to global governance and politics. He demanded that political systems be watched, and that German people needed to be monitored due to their "personality type", which he claimed results in the conditions that give rise to the dictatorial power of an authoritarian overlord. In some cases, the same phrases reappear all through these. She was left with permanent impairments: She was unable to recognize faces, had impaired spatial recognition, and lost a good portion of her memory. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the CIA. Scottish-American psychiatrist Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron led and conducted these experiments. He theorized that attitudes and beliefs should reinforce the overall attitudes of the desired society. Amory: This is information that may have proven invaluable in holding Cameron, as well as McGill, the CIA, and the Canadian Government accountable for what happened at the Allan. Typically, I would show up there and, if it was a Friday, ask if I could have a lift down to Lake Placid. Cameron Cemetery. In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. At the heart of MKUltra, says The Guardian, was the broadcasting of videos of American POWs from the Korean War condemning their own country and lauding the benefits of Communism. After his treatments patients were unable to function; they had been reduced to a state of infancy. Jean Steel was another one of Cameron's patients, and like the others she didn't sign up to be a part of MKUltra, depatterning, or psychic driving at all. We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.. And the funeral was yet another opportunity for Marian and her siblings to learn more about the mother who had been absent for so much of their childhoods. Cregg: What do you know about mind-control experiments? As for the ongoing lawsuits, some of the plaintiffs have actually contacted Duncan wondering if hed be willing to support their efforts. Hebb who did pay the students for their participation basically put them in a room for 24 hours, in a set-up that deprived them of all sensory input. Ewen Cameron was fulfilling one of the items on his life bucket list: to climb Street Mountain. Sounds questionable? Duncan: We all very much wished, as we always had, that my father was alive because he would have had to deal with that issue and would have dealt with it quite effectively. Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c.1700 - October 1748), was an influential Highland Clan Chief known for his magnanimous and gallant nature. And, later on to guidebooks for what we now call enhanced interrogation at places like Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. While he didn't name names or give specifics, he did say that papers "related to patients were destroyed.". Cameron stayed there for seven years and was made physician-in-charge of the Reception Unit of the Provincial Mental Hospital. The transcript has been edited from our original script for clarity. A notoriously tough climb, he did it with his son James, and when he got to the top, he had a heart attack and died almost instantly. Allan Cameron. Did he ever talk about that? Cameron used his ideas to implement policies on who should govern and parent in society. David Cameron's grandfather Ewen Donald Cameron (1906-1958) was a City of London figure who became a director at the stock brokerage house Panmure Gordon. They had 11 children: Allan Francis Cameron, John Donald Cameron and 9 other children. He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association (19521953), Canadian Psychiatric Association (19581959),[2] American Psychopathological Association (1963),[3] Society of Biological Psychiatry (1965)[4] and the World Psychiatric Association (19611966). If I put you through this program, within 24 hours to 48 hours you'll be in a diagnosable psychotic state. There are a few ways to reach us: This content was originally created for audio. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. He died three years later. In other words, they really must have seen that there was something wrong and crazy. At least, until after Cameron left the Allan. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. Donald Ewen Cameron 24 December 1901 - 8 September 1967)[1] was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. Don't worry, it gets worse. Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. I mean, he was that much of a scientist. And it was a great shock to everybody because he was 65 and in many ways, you know, going full throttle and at the top of his career. Ewen passed away on month day 1915, at age 84 at death place. You can buy the full book for only . (McCoy, 2007), According to Leonard Rubenstein, an attorney for plaintiffs [Mrs. David Orlikow et al. (McCoy, 2007) Indeed, Hebb and Camerons contribution as pioneers who designed the psychological paradigm for torture used by the CIA was acknowledged by The McGill Daily, in 2012. Unfortunately, a lot of what went on within them has been lost: In 1973, the majority of the documents associated with MKUltra were destroyed in a massive (and not-at-all-suspicious) purge. He moved to Upstate New York where he studied aging and memory at two hospitals in Albany. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Cameron continued his work on memory and its relationship to aging. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. ", And what about the CIA, who had approved and funded the research in the first place? Amory: With the information we do have about Cameron, we know this: his so-called treatment didnt cure mental illness, and it didnt control peoples minds. Duncan: Oh yes, he enjoyed a good joke even if they were off color. McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. His support of Charles Edward Stuart was instrumental in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 Lochiel and the Jacobite cause The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. Under that program, more than 80,000 suspected North Vietnamese sympathizers were interrogated by US forces and their allies. I'm sure that they loved him very much and knew him in a very different way. Part of Camerons plan for his patients was to wipe their minds clean, to make them forget their past, so they could move forward. It's Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative email. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. And he put Camerons treatment program under the microscope. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. That, says McGill University, was the work of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron, a psychiatrist who performed experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Amory: Author Stephen Kinzer, who wrote the book about the CIA and Mind Control, says, after Vietnam, this same literature got used elsewhere. He promoted a philosophy where chaos could be prevented by removing the weak from society. People Projects Discussions Surnames . He furthered his diagnostic definitions of clinical states such as anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. Were they *destroyed* or did you just take the patients name out? Duncan Cameron is Ewen Cameron's son, and when he speaks of his father, he talks about a man who loved to hike, read science fiction, and who had an obituary that read, in part: "Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man." in psychological medicine from the University of Glasgow in 1924, a D.P.M. Jean spent three months under Cameron's care, and spent two periods in a drug-induced coma. Ben: As for the CIAs MK-ULTRA program itself, it never had an official end date. So I think the complaints of the doctors and nurses had reached their ears. Duncan: I'm Duncan Cameron. The legacy can be seen in the torture techniques employed in Northern Ireland and in Guantanamo Bay. John Marks: The Allan Memorial Institute under Cleghorn commissioned a study of his work, which is absolutely or almost absolutely unprecedented in the psychiatric field. Duncan: No, he had some peculiar hobb-- he loved science fiction. 3.99 Cameron believed firmly in clinical psychiatry and a strict scientific method. Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in Cameron's analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". Then we brought them down I think it was probably during one of my infrequent jaunts up there I brought them down in my car, and I then took them over and deposited them at the American Psychiatric Association. In compliance with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) requirements, some of these records are no longer in the physical possession of the FBI, eliminating the FBI's capability to re-review and/or re-process this material. Peterborough County. Alison said that when her mother returned, it was no longer her mother. And I recall going through them and *taking out* several papers that appeared to me to be identified or could be identified as dealing with a particular patient. It's safe to say that the exact opposite happened. Duncan: I think the furthest I got was to his office. According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. On March 10, Cameron's notes read: "She is disoriented as to time only and is probably in her second stage of depatterning. Both of her brothers were heavily into drugs by the age of 10 and dealt with serious mental illness throughout their lives. On March 12, her records show she was considered "depatterned": She could no longer stand, speak, could barely swallow, was incontinent, and required treatment by an obstetrician for severe bleeding. Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron did experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Here's why MKUltra's top brainwashing scientist was a nightmare. Cameron never got his Nobel Prize in fact, he died not long after leaving Allan Memorial Institute. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. He reported that "the subject's very identity had begun to disintegrate," and that's when someone should, ya know, stop. Marian Read: So for me, the importance of all of this is to get it out of the shadows of pulp fiction, you know Amory: This is Marian Read. That's how quick it is because it removes your time and space. Even as he wrote about Cameron's "warmth [which was] never allowed to appear as intimacy," he wrote about a pretty big blind spot: Cameron had apparently hired a few assistants with "psychopathic personalities.". [16], Cameron next published Nuremberg and Its Significance. That could be heightened with various drugs, eventually was replaced by positive messages, and the so-called "psychic driving" would continue. Ex-husband of Enid Agnes Maud Watson. And Mary Morrow? And they found his work next to worthless. The idea was turning the mind into a fresh slate for the next part of the process, called "psychic driving.". Ben: Robert Cleghorn, a former member of Camerons staff, took over after Cameron stepped down. Amory: Duncan, one of the two lawyer sons, admits hes familiar with those 12 boxes of papers, and then explains what happened to them. The title is The Understanding Man. Lake Placid in particular, and the northern Adirondacks in general, have lost suddenly, tragically, but in a sense, beautifully, probably their most distinguished citizen. It was a heart attack and was very sudden. He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. Donald Ewen Cameron (19011967) was born in Scotland in 1901 and graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. His goal was to standardize his treatment, and once he did it for schizophrenia, he believed he would open a "gateway through which we might pass into a new field of psychotherapeutic methods." Everyone who makes a monthly donation will get access to upcoming bonus content from the making of our series. It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society. He had patients. "[35] She then cites Alfred W. McCoy: "Stripped of its bizarre excesses, Cameron's experiments, building upon Donald O. 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