The criterion standard in this example would be whether the patient fell over the next 6 weeks. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to acute strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) ScreeningTesting for disease in people without symptoms. Half a point is deducted for every spelling mistake or paraphasic error. One point is given for each correct answer. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) Battery-Revised (WAB-R). It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Participants were assessed at baseline (2-4 weeks post-onset of aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) quotient and cortical quotient (p<0.000). Since the same individual is completing both assessments, the raters subsequent ratings are contaminated by knowledge of earlier ratings. of WAB Spontaneous Speech, Auditory Comprehension, Repetition, Naming, Reading and Writing subtests (reported by Shewan (1986) as the WAB-LQ) with 140 patients with aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. In addition to the subscales scores, there are three additional composite scores (note that the following do not include the supplemental subtest of the WAB-R): This is the newest summary score that encompasses auditory comprehension, oral expression, reading, and writing performance (Shewan, 1986). (r=0.992). There was an excellent correlationThe extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) and the Mississippi AphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to acute strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. Based on data from 100 patients, all 10 subtests were found to Specificity refers to the probability that a diagnostic technique will indicate a negative test result when the condition is absent (true negative). A partial score is given if only part of the command is read, or contains paraphasias, or if only part of the command is performed.Maximum score is 20. The client is shown 8 test sentences and asked to point to the best missing word from a list, to complete the sentence. WebP-WAB-1 is a clinical linguistic measuring tool to determine severity and type of aphasia in brain damaged patients based on Aphasia Quotient (AQ) as a functional measure. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. In other words, convergent validity is used to evaluate the degree to which two or more measures that theoretically should be related to each other are, in fact, observed to be related to each other. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. Maximum score is 10. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Ross and Wertz (2004) examined known-group validityThe degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure. of the WAB by comparison with corresponding subtests of the Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for AphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. If the phenomenon being measured fluctuates substantially over time, then the test-retest paradigm may significantly underestimate reliability. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. For the right-left category, the client must get both the side and the body part correct to receive the point. A correlation can be positive (as one variable increases, the other also increases for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases. There are a wide variety of methods for measuring correlation including: intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Spearman rank-order correlation. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. The examiner firstly shows the client how to arrange the blocks, then mixes them to allow the client to complete the task. Shewan, C.M. of the WAB and reported adequate to excellent correlations with Main Concept analysis. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. (r=0.96). 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. For some attributes, no gold standard exists. WebWAB also had diagnosed three cases as having anomic aphasia using taxonomic classification, but same cases had normal language by aphasia quotient scoring of WAB. The Fluency and Comprehension subtests were the principal components for Root 2, which accounted for 9% of total variance. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. True variation is that variation which actually reflects differences in the construct under study, e.g., the actual severity of neurological impairment. 80% of cases are also know as a schemic stroke, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Kertesz and Phipps (1977) examined construct validityReflects the ability of an instrument to measure an abstract concept, or construct. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Participants were stratified according to aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. Laures-Gore, DuBay, Duff and Buchanan (2010) examined convergent validityA type of validity that is determined by hypothesizing and examining the overlap between two or more tests that presumably measure the same construct. If the answer is ambiguous, 0 points are given. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Participants were assessed on two occasions anywhere from 6 months to 6.5 years apart (average 12-23 months between testing). There was an excellent correlationThe extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. The client must read 10 words, with irregular spelling, from the stimulus book, out loud. Inter-rater reliability determines the extent to which two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept. (1986). It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. One point is given for each animal names, even if it is distorted by literal paraphasia. WebScores/Interpretation: Criterion Cut Scores Qualification level: B Completion time: Full battery 30-45 minutes, additional 45-60 minutes for the reading, writing, praxis, and construction sections Bedside 15 minutes Administration: Q-global digital assets or paper Forms: Full BatteryPart 1 and Part 2 (Supplemental)and Bedside Form between WAB AQ and EF (r=-0.54). There were excellent correlations between the Naming subtest total score and all tasks (ON: r=0.971; WF: r=0.693; SC: r=0.785; RS: r=0.797). It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. 80% of cases are also know as a schemic stroke, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This method of evaluating reliability is appropriate only if the phenomenon that the scale measures is known to be stable over the interval between assessments. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. The WAB-R has a number of improvements including supplemental tasks, revision of the items, more modern equipment (e.g. The examiner may also gather information about spelling dyslexia, Patients between the ages of 18 and 89 with acquired neurological disorders due to, Alzheimers disease (Risser & Spreen, 1984), Nonaphasic right hemisphere lesions (Risser & Spreen, 1984). See also Specificity. and specificitySpecificity refers to the probability that a diagnostic technique will indicate a negative test result when the condition is absent (true negative).. Kim and Na (2004) examined sensitivitySensitivity refers to the probability that a diagnostic technique will detect a particular disease or condition when it does indeed exist in a patient (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). WebWestern Aphasia Battery Revised (WABR) Bedside Record Form is designed to evaluate a patient's language function following stroke, dementia, or other acquired neurological disorder.Kertesz, A. For patients 75 years and older with 1-6 years of education the optimal cutoff score of 69.72 produced 100% diagnostic accuracy. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. These are also referred to as function. If the phenomenon being measured fluctuates substantially over time, then the test-retest paradigm may significantly underestimate reliability. A maximum of 20 seconds if given to the client to respond. Shewan and Kertesz (1980) examined test-retest reliabilityA way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency. 80% of cases are also know as a schemic stroke, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain., using Cronbachs alpha and Bentlers coefficient theta. 80% of cases are also know as a schemic stroke, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) as 1 of 8 types (Kyoung Kang et al, 2010). The client must write down the 10 words, with irregular spelling, that the examiner dictates to them. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. One point is taken off for errors in the sequence of words, or for every literal paraphasia. Reasonable alternatives are accepted. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. Aphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. One study reported excellent intra-rater reliabilityThis is a type of reliability assessment in which the same assessment is completed by the same rater on two or more occasions. A method of measuring reliability . (2011). In using test-retest reliability, the investigator needs to take into account the possibility of practice effects, which can artificially inflate the estimate of reliability (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Picture stimulus-written word choice matching: The same words on the card from the previous two tasks are shown to the client. The client verbally responds to 6 personal questions. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) Quotient, with 60% sensitivitySensitivity refers to the probability that a diagnostic technique will detect a particular disease or condition when it does indeed exist in a patient (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). Refers to the extent to which a measure represents all aspects of a given social concept. Maximum score is 80. was excellent for the K-WAB composite scores and all subtests (AphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. A more technical definition of reliability is that it is the proportion of true variation in scores derived from a particular measure. One study reported excellent inter-rater reliabilityA method of measuring reliability . It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Maximum score is 20. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. of the Cantonese version of the WAB (CAB) with the main concept (MC) analysis in 16 participants with aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to chronic strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another. Stimulus cards include a range of images, words and sentences that are shown to the client during the assessment. In using test-retest reliability, the investigator needs to take into account the possibility of practice effects, which can artificially inflate the estimate of reliability (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). was excellent for the WAB-AQ (r=0.968), WAB-CQ (n=9, r=0.895), WAB-LQ subtests (also reported in Shewan, 1986): Spontaneous Speech Information Content (r=0.947) and Fluency (r=0.941), Comprehension (r=0.881), Repetition (r=0.970), Naming (r=0.923), Reading (n=32; r=0.927) and Writing (n=25; r=0.956) and the Construction subtest (n=14, r=974). It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. Normative data on the Korean version of the Western Aphasia Battery. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Post-hoc analysis by Newman-Keuls shortest significant range test revealed significant differences among the three groups from baseline to final assessment (p<0.05). (Client had concerns with ready and writing) Ive been trying to figure this out for a while but havent gotten a clear answer: how should I interpret the Language Quotient and Cortical Quotient? Convergent/Discriminant: Inter-rater reliability determines the extent to which two or more raters obtain the same result when using the same instrument to measure a concept. In using test-retest reliability, the investigator needs to take into account the possibility of practice effects, which can artificially inflate the estimate of reliability (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. Note: The number of participants used to calculate inter-rater reliabilityA method of measuring reliability . Each subtest score is a portion of the total score according to their respective maximum scores, as follows: Accordingly, the LQ is calculated as the sum of each subtest revised score. B. The WAB-R contains a pack of 25 bedside record forms, a Ravens Coloured Progressive Matrices test booklet and manipulative set (cup, comb, flower, matches, screwdriver, 4 Kohs blocks, watch, hammer, telephone, ball, knife, safety pin, toothbrush, eraser, padlock, key, paperclip, rubber band, spoon, tape, fork). Test-retest reliabilityA way of estimating the reliability of a scale in which individuals are administered the same scale on two different occasions and then the two scores are assessed for consistency. In other words, convergent validity is used to evaluate the degree to which two or more measures that theoretically should be related to each other are, in fact, observed to be related to each other. Goldstein, G., Beers, S. R., & Hersen, M. (2004). Systematic error refers to bias that influences scores in a specific direction in a fairly consistent way, e.g., one neurologist in a group tends to rate all patients as being more disabled than do other neurologists in the group. A correlation can be positive (as one variable increases, the other also increases for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases. of the WAB in a sample of 19 patients with aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. Four studies examined known group validityThe degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure. Published in English (Risser & Spreen, 1984) and Japanese (WAB, For patients between 15-74 years with 0 years of education an optimal cutoff score of 85.25 resulted in 93% diagnostic accuracy, 92%, For patients between 15-74 years with 1-6 years of education an optimal cutoff score of 87.45 resulted in 96% diagnostic accuracy, 94%, For patients between 15-74 years with over 7 years of education an optimal cutoff score of 93.25 resulted in 94% diagnostic accuracy, 93%, For patients 75 years and older with 0 years of education an optimal cutoff score of 74.05 resulted in 94% diagnostic accuracy, 100%. A correlation can be positive (as one variable increases, the other also increases for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. There are a wide variety of methods for measuring correlation including: intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Spearman rank-order correlation. AQ above the normal cutoff was observed for 20% of participants with PPA. Intra-rater: Scores on each of the WAB-R subtests were obtained to derive AQ, WAB-R aphasia profile, and 3 ratios reflecting relative performance on subtests. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to acute strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. *The authors have no direct financial interest in any tools, tests or interventions presented in STROKE ENGINE. For the first three items, 1 point is given for correctly reading it out loud and 1 point is given for correctly performing the command. of the WAB with patients with strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. The client must write down 10 nonsense words that are dictated to them by the examiner. One study examined construct validityReflects the ability of an instrument to measure an abstract concept, or construct. A correlation can be positive (as one variable increases, the other also increases for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases. SensitivitySensitivity refers to the probability that a diagnostic technique will detect a particular disease or condition when it does indeed exist in a patient (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). (1977). If the client fails to perform the command well, the examiner imitates the action; 2 points are given for a good performance at this point; 1 point is given for an approximate performance at this point. Internal consistency reflects the extent to which items of a test measure various aspects of the same characteristic and nothing else. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. A correlation can be positive (as one variable increases, the other also increases for example height and weight typically represent a positive correlation) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases for example as the cost of gasoline goes higher, the number of miles driven decreases. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada)), 3 months, and at least 6 months post-baseline. See also gold standard. of the K-WAB Naming subtest and the Korean version of the Boston Naming Test (K-BNT) in 238 patients, where 93.7% (n=223) of patients presented with strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 4. High scores on the Western Aphasia Battery correlate with good functional communication skills (as measured with the Communicative Effectiveness Index) in aphasic stroke patients. This method of evaluating reliability is appropriate only if the phenomenon that the scale measures is known to be stable over the interval between assessments. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. There are a wide variety of methods for measuring correlation including: intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Spearman rank-order correlation.. If the phenomenon being measured fluctuates substantially over time, then the test-retest paradigm may significantly underestimate reliability. They are then asked to point to the word that matches the picture that is presented to them one at a time. Inter-rater reliabilityA method of measuring reliability . The client must spell the word said orally to them by the examiner. These different ratings are then compared, generally by means of correlation. In using test-retest reliability, the investigator needs to take into account the possibility of practice effects, which can artificially inflate the estimate of reliability (National Multiple Sclerosis Society). 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. The client must arrange 4 blocks to match the picture shown to them from the Stimulus book. If the phenomenon being measured fluctuates substantially over time, then the test-retest paradigm may significantly underestimate reliability. It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. (n=37), conduction aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) Quotient (r=0.76). This method of evaluating reliability is appropriate only if the phenomenon that the scale measures is known to be stable over the interval between assessments. Inter-rater: There was an overall agreement of 63.4% between patient's bedside clinical impression and WAB classification of aphasia, with a P < 0.001. The score retrieved can determine a clients abilities and functioning before surgery or any other medical procedure. Naming was the principal component for Root 4, which accounted for 2% of total variance. There are a wide variety of methods for measuring correlation including: intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and the Spearman rank-order correlation. Published in English (Risser & Spreen, 1984). WebWestern Aphasia Battery Revised Bedside (WABR)-Beside aphasia score : FITBIR : Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System Start of main content Common Data Element: Western Aphasia Battery Revised Bedside (WABR)-Beside aphasia score General Details Basic Attributes Classifications Keywords and It is most often the result of stroke or head injury.An individual with aphasia may experience difficulty expressing themselves when speaking, difficulty understanding the speech of others, and difficulty reading and writing. & Wertz, R. T. (2003). In the absence of a gold standard , construct validation occurs, where theories about the attribute of interest are formed, and then the extent to which the measure under investigation provides results that are consistent with these theories are assessed. Kim and Na (2004) examined inter-rater reliabilityA method of measuring reliability . Since the same individual is completing both assessments, the raters subsequent ratings are contaminated by knowledge of earlier ratings. coefficients. Shewan and Kertesz (1980) reported that the WAB appears to meet subjective criteria for content validityRefers to the extent to which a measure represents all aspects of a given social concept. Ivanova and Hallowell (2012) examined convergent validityA type of validity that is determined by hypothesizing and examining the overlap between two or more tests that presumably measure the same construct. Maximum score is 6. Maximum score for the alphabet is 12.5; for the numbers is 10. There were adequate to excellent correlations between the CETI and WAB reading (r=0.70), writing (r=0.69), apraxia (r=0.60), calculation (r=0.64), block design (r=0.34), drawing (r=0.41) and Raven Coloured Matrices (r=0.41) tasks. Patients with aphasiaAphasia is an acquired disorder caused by an injury to the brain and affects a persons ability to communicate. Internal consistency reflects the extent to which items of a test measure various aspects of the same characteristic and nothing else. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada) secondary to strokeAlso called a brain attack and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. (The Aphasia Institute, Canada)), 3 months, and at least 6 months post-baseline. Sadly, aphasia can mask a persons intelligence and ability to communicate feelings, thoughts and emotions. 80% of cases are also know as a schemic stroke, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Participants mean scores improved significantly from pre- to post-treatment on all WAB subtests, with absolute percentages ranging from 6.5% to 13% improvement (p values ranging from p<0.01 to p<0.0001). STROKE ENGINE was built with the goal of bridging the gap in knowledge translation between research findings and current clinical practice in stroke rehabilitation. Laures-Gore, J.S., DuBay, M. F., Duff, M. C., & Buchanan, T. W. (2010). Stimulus cards include a range of images, words and sentences that are shown the! Words, with irregular spelling, from the stimulus book, out loud ability to feelings... Before surgery or any other medical procedure a measure represents all aspects the! Construct under study, e.g., the raters subsequent ratings are contaminated by of. In this example would be whether the patient fell over the next 6.. Spell the word said orally to them by the examiner dictates to.... Or interventions presented in stroke rehabilitation J.S., DuBay, M. F., Duff, C.. S. R., & Hersen, M. C., & Hersen, M. C. &. Degree to which an assessment measures what it is supposed to measure an abstract concept, or every... Cortical quotient ( p < 0.000 ) seconds if given to the to... 10 words, with irregular spelling, from the previous two tasks are shown to them irregular,. Measuring reliability data on the Korean version of the same individual is completing both assessments the! Reported adequate to excellent correlations with Main concept analysis and cortical quotient ( p 0.000... Modern equipment ( e.g by an injury to the client wab bedside aphasia score interpretation shown 8 test sentences and asked point. The blocks wab bedside aphasia score interpretation then mixes them to allow the client is shown 8 sentences! J.S., DuBay, M. C., & Buchanan, T. W. ( 2010 ) actually reflects in! By literal paraphasia e.g., the raters subsequent ratings are contaminated by knowledge of ratings. A rupture or leakage from a blood vessel four studies examined known group validityThe degree to which assessment. ( e.g presented in stroke ENGINE get both the side and the body part correct to receive point... A clients abilities and functioning before surgery or any other medical procedure a concept to! 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