February 23, 2023, What Climate Change Means for the Horn of Africa, With Michelle Gavin, Podcast IRA investigation locates grave sites, An Phoblacht, 1 April 1999. A family spokesperson welcomed the apologies.108 McMullan felt the apology was important: When I was in jail I met a young man whose twin brother had been shot dead as an informer by the IRA In 2004 the IRA apologised to his family It requires courage to be self-critical the IRA have enhanced the integrity of the republican struggle each time they have done so.109. Main Tag Irish Pride T-Shirt. "I hope there will be no more Enniskillen's and I am deeply sorry about what happened in Enniskillen," he tells the BBC. He added some informers cannot expect a welcome home because they got people killed.69 In response to Gilmours claims that British intelligence abandoned him, Morrison commented [t]here will be no sympathy when British intelligence are finished with people they discard them.70 During the conflict, Republicans publicly warned British intelligence are using the informer to suit their needs, and if this means sacrificing him or her then this will be done.71 With IRA amnesties offered on occasions to informers, Republicans saw no reason to offer Gilmour sympathy.72 Sinn Fin would have risked challenging their past and present ideology and justification for the IRAs campaign if they empathised with Gilmour, who spoke against them continuously.73. Organisations by this name have been dedicated to irredentism through Irish republicanism, the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic free from British rule.[1]. Got a burning unpopular opinion you want to share? 13. January 19, 2023, Backgrounder Hennessey, The Dirty War: MI5 and the Troubles, 593596; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch and the Use of Informant Intelligence in Northern Ireland; OKane, The Northern Ireland Peace Process, chapter one. Its existence formally ended in 1997. Aug. 15, 1998: An IRA splinter group called Real IRA, carries out the deadliest paramilitary attack in Northern Ireland during a car bombing in Omagh in Northern Ireland, leaving 29 dead and more than 200 wounded. They also tend to have criminal traits.133 The UK state may not engage with certain informer grievances if they know complaints are unfounded. Undoubtedly, state silence on particular cases assists Republicans in challenging state narratives about the conflict and justifications for its actions in the past and present. 93. Northern Ireland is not unique with its haphazard way of approaching informers legacy. Dudai, Underground Penality, 377381. It is possible to be both a freedom fighter and a terrorist, or to be one but not the other. The fortunes of the IRA waxed and waned after 1970. Examples include English and Dochartaigh. Gilmour died in England from natural causes in 2016.67, Gilmours request to return in 2007 produced a cautious response from Martin McGuinness, former Sinn Fin northern leader. In April 1999, the IRA apologised for disappearing and said it wanted to rectify any injustice.91 From the initial nine names provided, the IRA claimed seven were informers. I think what brought about the conditions for the ending of hostilities was: - The hurt created to both communities by decades of fighting. More than 20 People May Be Prosecuted After Stakeknife Inquiry, Irish Times, 3 October 2019. Sinn Fins strong recent electoral performances suggest minimal adverse impacts from the apologies. May 8, 1987: Eight IRA members of the Tyrone Brigade are killed during a Special Air Services ambush of the IRA bombing of the Loughgall police station. : Irish Republican Army (IRA) informers and dealing with Northern Ireland conflict legacy, 1969-2021, 15-Year Old Bernard Teggert Was Not An Informer, Grey Is the New Black: Covert Action and Implausible Deniability, The Role and Effectiveness of Intelligence in Northern Ireland, Informers, Informants and Information: The Secret History of the 1790s Reconsidered, A Taxonomy of Victims and Perpetrators: Human Rights and Reconciliation in South Africa, The Son Raymond Gilmour Hadnt Seen for 33 Years Tells of His Relief at Death of the Supergrass, UKs Troubles Amnesty Plan Goes Further than Pinochets, Study Says, Government to Introduce Statute of Limitations on Troubles Prosecutions, You Will Be Responsible to the GOC: Stovepiping and the Problem of Divergent Intelligence Gathering Networks in Northern Ireland, 1969-1975, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence, Was the IRA Defeated? Organized by Michael Eamon De Valera, The Irish revolutionary leader and . One motif adopted by the Provisional IRA was the phoenix, a symbol of rebirth. Anthonys brother disagreed: [Anthonys] was one of the biggest funerals There were plenty of republicans at it and I dont think they would go to an informers funeral the family are still republicans there is a totally innocent man lying in the grave for his kids, and his grandkids its one of the most hated things in the world that your father or your grandfather was an informer; it is really devastating.110, In 2003, the IRA responded. For loyalist-UK state collusion cases see De Silva, Patrick Finucane Review; and The Rosemary Nelson Inquiry. which was a key participant during the 1969-1998 Troubles in Northern Ireland. They left and formed the, In 1969, the more traditionalist republican members split off into the, A further split occurred in 1986 when the former leader of Sinn Fin, In 1997, Members of the Provisional IRA who did not accept the peace process split off to form the, In 2012, the Real IRA merged with other republican groups including the. Dudai, Underground Penality, 381384; Dudai, Informers, 378385. However, the state can cast doubt on such claims by not responding. By August 2021, the war began to come to a close with the read more, For nearly a year after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, workers continued to remove debris and recover bodies from the ruins of the Twin Towers at Lower Manhattans former World Trade Center complex. Today, MI5 regulates informers in Northern Ireland, who have contracts.143 Reputational damage may be somewhat restricted by these reforms already taking place. For South Africa see Borer, A Taxonomy of Victims, 1096, 11101114. The resulting settlement established two new political entities: the Irish Free State, which comprised 26 counties and was granted dominion status within the British Empire; and Northern Ireland, made up of six counties and sometimes called the province of Ulster, which remained part of the United Kingdom. Irish Republican Army (IRA), also called Provisional Irish Republican Army, republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in Northern Ireland, and the reunification of Ireland. We have had 30-odd years of terrorism in our own country from the Irish Republican Army. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a name used by various paramilitary organisations in Ireland throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Aug. 31, 1994: After months of secret talks, and 25 years of bombings and shootings, the IRA announces an historic ceasefire with a complete cessation of military operations.. Self-confessed IRA informer Sean OCallaghan states: I had been brought up to believe that the worst thing anybody could do was to become [an] informer.46 Loyalist Protestant paramilitaries, however, also killed and exiled suspected informers.47 Elsewhere, in 2014 alone, Hamas killed twenty-one alleged informers in Palestine.48 Mosab Hassan Yousef, son of a Hamas founder, informed for Israeli intelligence between 1997 and 2007. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. 143. McMullan, Truth and Conflict, An Phoblacht, 12 October 2006. The original Irish Republican Army (1919-1922), often now referred to as the . RUC SB were supposed to be at the centre of informant recruitment, information gathering and dissemination. . From modest beginnings, the Provisionals became the most important and dangerous separatist paramilitary group during the . Dudai, Underground Penality, 378382. Yet the actions of specific informers have contributed to this situation. The IRA became adept at raising money in Northern Ireland through extortion, racketeering, and other illegal activities, and it policed its own community through punishment beatings and mock trials. Bell, J. Bower, The Secret Army. In Brief 1. With Carlin, he praised the states role in bringing peace. On occasions, exile orders and amnesties were issued. Contrasting opinions towards informing amongst self-confessed or alleged informers further facilitates the state and Republicans adopting a multifaceted response. Harkin and Ingram, Stakeknife, 6069; Leahy, Intelligence War, 24, 145147, 247248; McKearney, The Provisional IRA, 242243; McIntyre, How Stakeknife, The Blanket, 11 May 2003; Morrison, Number 10s Murderer, 30 January 2016. It was formed in 1916 to fight against the British occupation of Ireland. Catholic residents, however, largely were excluded from this prosperity, and when the conflict the Irish call "the Troubles" erupted in 1969, the Catholic unemployment rate in some parts of the province topped 30 percent. By the 1960s, however, its activities had dwindled significantly. Tags: irish-culture, irish-republican-army, irish-american, irish-ancestry, irish-freedom Graphic tees. (shelved 1 time as irish-republican-army) avg rating 4.05 40 ratings published 2003. We are a very forgiving people. READ MORE: How Northern Ireland Became Part of the United Kingdom. Two months later, an independent arms decommissioning body verified that the IRA had, in its view, put all its weapons beyond use. Officials sought independence through peace, while the provisionals used violence to further its efforts, which resulted in an estimated 1,800 deaths, including more than 600 civilians. 5 The Irish American woman who . 80. March 20, 1993: Two boys, ages 3 and 12 are killed, and another 50-some people were injured, during an IRA bombing at a shopping area in Warrington, England where bombs were placed in trash cans. After nearly two-and-a-half years of fighting, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) had . His was another safe case for the state to deal with because he was an alleged political informer, unlikely to be involved in murky criminal activities. 127. Sections one and two of this article explore IRA and UK state responses to alleged informers. The IRA was created in 1919 as a successor to the Irish Volunteers, a militant nationalist organization founded in 1913. Reacting to accusations by the British and Irish governments that it was involved in a December 2004 Belfast bank robbery, the IRA withdrew its disarmament offer in February 2005, but reinstated it in July 2005. Thatcher has long been a figure of hate for nationalists in Northern Ireland for her uncompromising policies during her 11 years in office between 1979 and 1990, which saw the death of 10 prisoners in a hunger strike. It was estimated in the late 1990s that the IRA had enough weapons in its arsenal to continue its campaign for at least another decade. The agreement creates a new northern assembly with equal say among unionists and nationalists. I believe both sides were flawed, especially the brits, but atrocities were committed on both sides and I believe the reason the IRA are seen as bad is not because the British didnt like them so everyone hopped on the bandwagon but because it was terrorism and a contestant to the UKs total power in the British isles. The aforementioned authors briefly mention ethical dilemmas emerging from the intelligence war. : The Ethical Analysis of Internment without Trial in Northern Ireland. On rare occasions, the state recognises strategic and political value in revealing information to support its conflict narrative. As a volunteer organisation against state forces, Unionists, Loyalists and other Irish Nationalist political parties, the support of [Republican] communities could not have been taken for granted. His cover was blown after frequently preventing IRA activities. The Unforgivable? McGuinness said the IRA posed no threat. 125. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. He infiltrated the Belfast IRA between 1987 and 1991. The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Anthony Braniff, An Phoblacht, 25 September 2003. Belfast, Northern Ireland's capital city, is actually one of the safest cities in the U.K. A survey ranked Belfast as the second safest city in the entire U.K. to live in, just behind Birmingham. 91. By announcing plans for an amnesty for state forces and paramilitaries (which presumably would include informers) recently, the UK state is demonstrating it has no intention of altering its neither confirm nor deny policy towards informers. Nevertheless, apart from the McConville case, the UK and Irish states neither confirmed nor denied whether others who were disappeared were informers. In May, Gerard "Jock" Davison, a man with a formidable IRA pedigree, was shot dead in the Markets area of central Belfast. It contrasts with other occasions where the state continues neither confirming nor denying someone was an informer, despite pleas from distressed families or individuals. 142. They wanted safety and forgiveness, not to challenge Republican ideology. In 1970 two members of the Fianna Fil government in Ireland, including future prime minister Charles Haughey, were tried for importing arms for the IRA; they subsequently were acquitted. An Phoblachts inclusion of this article highlights Republican leaders agreement that it was contradictory to demand justice for British actions if Republicans ignored the disappeared. We argue that it most certainly does. by Lindsay Maizland The British government suspended Northern Irelands power-sharing government after Unionists announced they would not remain in government with Sinn Fein until the IRA "put its weapons beyond use" and renounced violence. February 13, 2023 88. A year after Russias invasion, Ukraine is suffering a catastrophic humanitarian crisis. Buy, Sell, and Trade your Firearms and Gear. 87. Dochartaigh, Rules of Hijacking, 119. Whilst admitting wrongdoing, the IRA can always cite their lack of knowledge about who was informing. Corrections? Sporadic incidents occurred during the 1950s and early 60s, but lack of active support by Catholics in Northern Ireland rendered such efforts futile. Hopkins is right: there has been reluctance at times from Republican leaders to reassess informers roles in the conflict. The more detailed the accounts surrounding alleged or self-confessed informers, the more painful the truth would likely be for all sides. Leahy, Intelligence War, 242; see also Frampton, Agents and Ambushes, 8493; Dingley and Kirk-Smith, Countering Terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence; Moran, Evaluating Special Branch and the Use of Informant Intelligence in Northern Ireland. Operation Kenova is submitting files to the Public Prosecution Service relating to this case.113 Mainstream Republicans may partly discuss Stakeknife to refute their political opponents suggestions that Stakeknife helped force the IRA into peace.114 They also recognise how the Stakeknife investigation counters state narratives. But in exchange for its independence, the old IRAs leadership agreed to allow Irelands six northern counties to remain under British rule. - Ireland's agreement to change its constitution. His evidence led to thirty-five convictions in return for immunity. 1798 Rebellion Enamel Pin Badge. The contemporary IRA organisations each claim the sole right to the name, each insisting they are the original IRA's only legitimate descendant. Originally from Derry city, he infiltrated and disrupted Republican groups between 1976 and 1984. Political considerations are intertwined with how Sinn Fin believes or knows their community might react to a particular informers return. McMullans quote demonstrates Republican supporters see these cases as distinct from celebrity informers. You are also agreeing to our. Dudai, Informers, 4046; Leahy, Intelligence War, 3, 198; OToole, Stakeknife, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003; Lane, Stakeknife story, An Phoblacht, 22 May 2003. The threat posed by folk devils is exaggerated. An independent report stated that the IRA has decommissioned its weapons. See examples including English, Armed Struggle, 303315; OBrien, Long War, 13, 159168, 195200, 238322; Taylor, Provos, 277327; Dochartaigh, Deniable Contact, 188276; Dixon, Was the IRA Defeated?, 303320. At the same time, without ultimate knowledge about who was actually informing, Republicans are reliant on treating suspected informer legacy cases on an individualised basis. 123. Although the IRA subsequently destroyed some of its weapons, it resisted decommissioning its entire armoury, hampering implementation of key parts of the peace agreement. Since the late 1960s, the IRA has killed about 1,800 people, including about 650 civilians. February 22, 2023 In their version, IRA combatants were soldiers fighting to expel the British from the island. Leahy, Intelligence War, 114, 2948, 81107, 138198, 255. Celebrity informers say they informed for moral reasons. By T.K. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. Dudai suggests multiple reasons why he feels informers are generally absent in Republican reconciliation efforts. For years, beginning in the late 1960s, the IRA was considered one of the most dangerous terrorist organizations in the world. Ties between the Free State and Britain remained chilly into the 1970s. However, the IRA and its political wing still oppose what it calls an illegal foreign occupation of its country. Meanwhile, two IRA splinter groups, Real IRA and Continuity IRA, still practice terrorism and remain on the EUs and the State Departments terrorist group lists as recently as 2009. Although quickly suppressed by the British Army, the rising was a seminal moment in modern Irish history. Want to Read. In 2006, Jackie McMullan, a former Republican prisoner, said: When we hear the name Jean McConville we should think about her ten children whose lives have been blighted by the horrific manner of her killing [W]orking to expose Britains dirty war doesnt absolve us from our own responsibilities whatever negative consequences.95. Using the Northern Ireland case study, we suggest UK state and IRA responses to dealing with informer legacy have been somewhat nuanced. 26. The group was active from the early 20th century until the late 1990s, and was responsible for a significant number of terrorist attacks, assassinations, and other violent acts throughout the . He writes how Stakeknife: was the Prime Ministers man murdering weak troubled and compromised IRA Volunteers, and civilian supporters to perversely elevate his reputation as an IRA spy catcher. The Irish Republican Army are the good guys. Meanwhile, the old IRA maintained a low level campaign of violence aimed at reuniting Ireland. "She didn't ever seem to be able to realise that when a government starts to act like a paramilitary organisation then the paramilitary organisation essentially wins," Seamus Mallon, a moderate Irish nationalist who served as Northern Ireland's deputy leader from 1998 to 2001, told Irish state broadcaster RTE. As Dudai explains, they are self-confessed informers and agents who have released memoirs, proudly share their activities and frequently speak against Sinn Fin in the post-conflict period.66 One example is Raymond Gilmour. In fact, these admissions may have helped sustain community trust. Their accounts are often characterized by an over-privileging of their heroic agency and do not include references to coercive recruitment that has been a feature of most informer careers.152. Her children reject the accusations. He died in 2017.81, OCallaghan claims he informed for moral reasons.82 Republicans say OCallaghan told lies and made outlandish accusations.83 For Republicans, celebrity informers sensationalise stories to get moral reward for paid perjury.84 Dudai believes media appearances by celebrity informers enhance the [Republican] hostility towards them as they appear to side with Republicanisms contemporary political opponents.85, Republicans also believe most people informed due to fear or greed. they were by no means the good guys, they were absolute scum. Nov. 21, 1974: Targeting two pubs in Birmingham, England known to be popular among off-duty law enforcement, the IRA sets off bombs that kill 21 and injure 182. The agent Stakeknife, some SAS ambushes against the IRA that led to deaths of Republicans and at times civilians (even if unintentional), and incidents that Republicans labelled as shoot-to-kill ambushes in north Armagh in the mid-1980s are a few examples.26. Attacks on them should be discouraged because the conflict was over. 89. 104. The conflict lasted two decades and spanned four U.S. presidencies, becoming the longest war in American history. As the republican response to the country's British problem, including the London government's use of state terrorism, was a unified political project incorporating diplomatic and armed spheres, the Quillversation series sought to explore overarching issues rather than focus solely on the diplomatic or military aspects of the one symbiotic political project. Pat Finucane, 2012, 124; Rosemary Nelson, 2011, 463470. Morrison, No 10s murderer, 30 January 2016. 83. 94. Dec. 28, 1969:Aiming to protect the Catholic minority from discrimination from loyalist militants and the Protestant-Majority police force, the Provisional Army Council, officially splinters off from the IRA. 3. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Breen, Raymond Gilmour, Belfast Telegraph, 29 October 2016. Civil War, The Civil War of 1922 to 1923 was a bitterly ironic conclusion to the struggle for independence and also a savage, destructive prelude to the history Irish Republican Army, Irish Republican Army (IRA), nationalist organization devoted to the integration of Ireland as a complete and independent unit. Whilst denials provide political capital for Sinn Fin, the UK state seems more concerned with protecting its national security, intelligence practises and international reputation today. After the end of the Irish Civil War (192223), the IRA was around in one form or another[definition needed] for forty years, when it split into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA in 1969. Leahy, Intelligence War, 23, 228240, 243; McKittrick, The Spys Tale, The Independent, 6 April 2006; Moloney, Secret History, 580582; Keenan, Real IRA claims responsibility, Irish Times, 13 April 2009. 1. 64. Darcy, To Serve the Enemy, 15,172200, 212214. Dudai, Underground Penality, 379382. Bloody Sunday Leads to New IRA Recruits; Lord Mountbatten Is Assassinated, British Soldiers Beaten, Shot Dead at Funeral, How Northern Ireland Became Part of the United Kingdom, The IRA Assassination of Lord Mountbatten: Facts and Fallout. English, Armed Struggle; Leahy, Intelligence War; Taylor, Provos. 108. Back to Design. Units of the IRA were organized to defend besieged Catholic communities in the province and were sustained by support from units in Ireland. February 14, 2023 He reappeared in UK media in 2007, seeking assurance from Sinn Fin that he could return safely to visit family in Derry. But critics say Thatcher's hard line against the IRA delayed progress. Feb 22. Empathy towards those claiming coerced recruitment and who did not set-up deaths can emerge. The organization was declared illegal in 1931 and again in 1936. 100. ", Provisional Irish Republican Army, Council on Foreign Relations, Bloody Sunday: What happened in Northern Ireland in 1972 and what is the Saville Inquiry?, Evening Standard, https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/irish-republican-army. Press J to jump to the feed. At first, the provisional IRA, or "provos" conducted sniper attacks, assassinations, and several small bombings in the province, and appeared to have little public support. Here are some of the most important milestones in a Great Recession timeline of the financial crisisalso known as the 2008 recessionwhich read more, On September 11, 2001a clear, sunny, late summer dayal Qaeda terrorists aboard three hijacked passenger planes carried out coordinated suicide attacks against the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., killing everyone on board the planes and read more, Since its start a century ago, Communism, a political and economic ideology that calls for a classless society in which everything is shared equally, has seen a series of surgesand declines. Still Missing, The Disappeared of Northern Ireland. 110. C.V. Starr & Co. If Republican evidence located remains, prosecutions would not emerge. 70. If procedures were not followed, apologies could occur in part to sustain community support. Publicly at least, they agreed with Republicans: informing is dishonourable. 111. : Irish Republican Ar . https://static.rasset.ie/documents/news/smithwick-tribunal-final.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246867/0802.pdf, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/247461/0947.pdf, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/20457, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10570, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/22/hamas-executes-suspected-infomers-gaza, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684520500425273, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/people-found, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3208620.stm, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jul/08/ira-informer-martin-mcgartland-secret-hearing-mi5, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/the-son-raymond-gilmour-hadnt-seen-for-33-years-tells-of-his-relief-at-death-of-the-supergrass-35187017.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/raymond-gilmour-abandoned-ira-supergrass-lay-dead-in-his-flat-for-up-to-a-week-35171158.html, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/government-to-introduce-statute-of-limitations-on-troubles-prosecutions-40651230.html, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2017.1349036, https://doi.org/10.1080/09592310903027132, https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2012.697618, https://doi.org/10.1080/14754830601084642, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-20272671, https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/incoming/former-intelligence-agent-kevin-fulton-who-was-born-in-newry-but-now-lives-somewhere-in-the-uk-is-in-hiding-from-the-ira-and-suing-the-british-government-for-a-severance-package-here-the-man-whose-been-described-variously-as-a-nuisance-a-rel-28026822.html, https://www.derryjournal.com/news/gilmour-collapse-1984-trial-against-derry-35-764619, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/13/hamas-amnesty-palestinian-spying-israel, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/19131, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670882.2016.1264097, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6989698.stm, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/5262, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16645, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/4724, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-46598765, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/real-ira-claims-responsibility-for-2006-murder-of-denis-donaldson-1.743805, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/10046, https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1517299, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/3592, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/sep/02/former-british-spy-martin-mcgartland-police-report-confirms-shot-by-ira, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/30/ira-informer-stakeknife-arrested-in-investigation, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/29/sean-o-callaghan-obituary, http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/paved.html, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-spys-tale-the-life-and-death-of-denis-donaldson-6104526.html, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/15875, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/16686, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/apology-from-ira-for-youth-s-murder-welcomed-1.1161994, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/more-than-20-people-may-be-prosecuted-after-stakeknife-inquiry-1.4038780, https://sluggerotoole.com/2006/01/18/exiles_cannot_expect_a_welcome_home/, https://www.dannymorrison.com/the-times-of-no-10s-main-murderer/, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684521003588070, https://policinginsight.com/features/interview/operation-kenova-the-pain-for-these-families-has-never-gone-away-says-former-chief/, http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/0511/breaking31.html, https://doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v15i1p107, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/o-loan-finds-no-evidence-mcconville-was-a-spy-1.789556, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49913050, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1647, http://www.belfastdaily.co.uk/2014/05/26/revealed-mcguinness-legal-threat-over-raymond-gilmour-book/, https://thedisappearedni.co.uk/index.php/missing, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529708432416, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-51318297, https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/1181, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27235088, https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/w3csy98m, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. 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