Andrew MacKendrick One problem: Vermont has no dedicated funding for education aboutthe Good Samaritan 911 law. 5. For the law to be fully effective, the police need to build trust within the community of people suffering from addiction disease and their friends and loved ones. HSC 1799.102(b)(2)specifically states that protection from civil liability does not apply when damages result from: an act or omission constituting gross negligence or willful or wanton misconduct.4. We hope that this new law, and the legal protection it offers, will help encourage those who experience or witness an overdose to make that important call, and save a life., The Honourable Jane Philpott Copyright 2022Drug Policy Alliance. People who call 911 for help, or people who are overdosing, are protected from being charged for drug possession. California Health and Safety Code section 1799.102(b)(1). The law empowers YOU to save a person's life. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with an acceleration of the overdose crisis and with approximately 1,000 additional unpredicted deaths in 2020. In California,compensatory damagesfor an accident or injury fall into two basic categories: California Civil Code 3294 permits you to be awarded punitive damages in a personal injury case. Californias 911 Good Samaritan law was signed into law in 2013 under Assembly Bill 472. The act provides a degree of amnesty for . 613-957-0200, Media RelationsHealth Canada About a year after Schulze's brush with death, in an effort to address the alarming number of fatal opioid overdoses (883 in 2017), the Legislature passed Act 33 to encourage people like Schulze's. The Good Samaritan Law grants immunity for a minor drug possession offense for the person who overdosed AND the person who called 911 to seek help. Overdose; limited immunity from prosecution. Educating their clients about the law has been one of her crucial missions, she said. Naloxone Saves Lives. And, Keller said, an overdose can be a critical moment for some addicts: "a captive moment," she called it. Such health care providers also cannot be liable in a civil action and are not subject to professional review. Probation and parole violations, immigration and child welfare consequences, outstanding warrants, trespassing, or sales or drug-induced homicide charges can be equal barriers to calling 911. a. Modifying laws to provide civil and criminal immunity to health care professionals, law enforcement officials, medical first responders, and non-medical first responders (including peers, bystanders, employers, the overdose The law encourages anyone to call 911 when they see or experience a drug or alcohol overdose. As the need for naloxone has increased, so has the need for overdose immunity laws, such as the Good Samaritan law, to protect the pharmacist and physician from legal action for activities undertaken to preserve life. Provides civil immunity to community corrections officers and probation officers who administer an overdose intervention drug. People may also fear consequences beyond a possession charge. The bill provides that it shall not be a crime for any person who seeks medical assistance for a person experiencing a drug-related overdose to be under the influence of, or to possess for personal use, a controlled substance under certain circumstances related to the overdose. Many people who use drugs do not understand the difference between arrest and prosecution. All Rights Reserved. Definitely recommend! Provides civil immunity to a person who has an agency relationship with a community corrections officer or probation officer who administers an overdose intervention drug. In Nevada? Note thatHSC 11376.5 does not protect you from the following crimes: Call our law firm for help. Nobody called 911 when Michael Akey overdosed on heroin. (1) A person acting in good faith who seeks medical assistance for an individual experiencing a drug-related overdose may not be charged, prosecuted, or penalized pursuant to this chapter for possession of a controlled substance if the evidence for possession of a controlled substance was obtained as a result of the person's seeking medical 1:38. 748, the "Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act" (CARES Act). To answer these questions, GAO collected and reviewed ONDCP documents and interviewed agency officials. In addition to increased naloxone access and immunity, California also has a 911 Good Samaritan overdose fatality prevention law. Who is protected by the 911 Good Samaritan Law? California Personal Injury Attorney Good Samaritan Law, California Good Samaritan law (GSL) protects you from civil liability when. Donovan, who is now the state's top law enforcement officer as attorney general, said he believesthe law is sound public policy. Our new strategic plan takes bold steps to dismantle this war on drugs and our communities. We also reviewed 17 studies on the effectiveness of the laws and found: States with these laws are linked to lower rates of overdose deaths from opioids Awareness of the laws vary widely among law enforcement and the public For enquiries,contact us. ), First published on December 18, 2012 / 12:52 PM. GAO also reviewed and analyzed selected characteristics of jurisdictions' Good Samaritan and Naloxone Access laws. He found outlater that she called friends, who brought over the opioid overdose antidotenaloxone. EIN. Nearly every state in the U.S. has enacted legislation addressing opioids, seeking solutions that decrease overdoses by expanding access to treatment, increasing naloxone access, and increasing Good Samaritan immunity. You will not receive a reply. The reversals suggest the person overdosing or a bystander either called 911 or administered naloxone, an overdose-reversal drug, before it was too late, she said. ; Plus if you seek emergency help for someone's drug-related overdose, you will not face criminal charges for drug possession.. Everyone regardless of age who seeks medical help for themselves or someone else during an overdose. LexisNexis and Bloomberg Law are third party online distributors of the broad collection of current and archived versions of ALM's legal news publications. What is the "Good Samaritan Law" in California? The scene of an emergency shall not include emergency departments and other places where medical care is usually offered. Follow her on Twitter @jess_aloe. 4. 2023 by National Conference of State Legislatures, 13 Years of Impact: The Long Reach of Citizens United, With Recent Special Elections, the Tables Are Set for Spring. Data from the California Department of Public Health Overdose Surveillance Dashboard and the National Center for Health Statistics produced the following key findings: The full policy brief includes more information about the overdose crisis, including informative graphs and discussion. Dalton, who also pushed for the Good Samaritanlaw to be created, said he thinks its an effective law, but the state isn't getting the full benefit. the new "Good Samaritan" law provides immunity from liability for property damage or injury For more information on the opioid- and overdose-related examples, which includes legislation from the 2015-16 Legislative Session, see Information Memorandum 2016-11, "Opioid Epidemic: Wisconsin's Legislative Response," . The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with an acceleration of the overdose crisis and with approximately 1,000 additional unpredicted deaths in 2020. Together, we are fighting for responsible drug policy. "Harm reduction messaging is difficult but its getting a lot more traction," he said. The Kentucky Supreme Court will hear appeals involving the state's Good Samaritan law in drug overdose cases. Naloxone is currently a prescription drug, but is not a controlled substance. Yetthe death rate has continued to rise. He remembers waking up at the sink in his Brattleboro hotel room, pouring sweat, his head ringing, he said. Chapter 701 - GENERAL CRIMINAL LAW PROVISIONS | Back to Chapter Listing. We found that in recent years, most states have enacted Good Samaritan laws to help reduce overdose deaths and respond to opioid overdoses. Public File for KBCW-TV / KBCW 44 Cable 12. Good Samaritan policies on college campuses have also been proven to encourage students to call for help in the event of an alcohol or other drug overdose. The protection extended under the GSL does not include instances ofgross negligenceorwillful or wanton misconduct. When too much of an opioid medication is taken, it can slow breathing to a dangerously low rate. The Department of Health Care Service, the Health Management Associates, and the California Health Policy Strategies, L.L.C. NCSL actively tracks more than 1,400 issue areas. Home / Statutes of Pennsylvania / Unconsolidated Statutes / Law Information / 2014 Act 139. Nearly five years after the law went into effect,the Health Department estimatesless than40 percent of people who requested a naloxone refill kitreported calling 911. Examplesofgood Samaritanrelated acts include: Please note thatcivil damagesunder this law include both: The protection against civil liability extended under the GSL does not include instances ofgross negligenceand willful or wanton misconduct. This web site is not intended to solicit clients for matters outside of the state of California. The new strategy is supported by Bill C-37, which proposes to amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act and the Customs Act to better equip both health and law enforcement officials to reduce the harms associated with drug use in Canada. Moreover, protection from prosecution is not enough to ensure that people will call 911. Access the NDP application form. The vast majority of these laws provide protection from prosecution for low-level drug offenses, like sale or use of a controlled substance or paraphernalia, for the person seeking medical assistance as well as the person who overdosed. In addition, studies found an increased likelihood of individuals calling 911 if they are aware of the laws. And withoutproving that the callers reached out tolaw enforcementdue tooverdoseconcerns, the defendants should not be granted immunity under the 2014 law, which is meant to encourage people to call the police when they believe a person is overdosing, the panel ruled. Research confirms the most common reason people cite for not calling 911 is fear of police involvement. Mayor talks of South Burlington grad's overdose death, calls for more treatment options, 'Fentanyl has poisoned the drug supply': Overdose deaths rose in 2017, A Burlington team will head to overdose victims doorsteps. Maine now joins forty other states and the District of Columbia in enacting some form of a Good Samaritan or 911 drug immunity law. That means many hundreds of overdoses have occurred since the law's passagewithout emergency responders being called. Many Good Samaritan laws pass without any supplemental implementation or education efforts, which means that people are unaware of the law and what it does. It published a fact sheet in 2014 and conducted nationwide reviews in 2017 and 2020. Your article was successfully shared with the contacts you provided. . What this law does is provide immunity for minor drug possession, amounts considered to be a misdemeanor or fifth-degree felony, to individuals who seek emergency help for themselves or another . (1) A person acting in good faith who seeks medical assistance for an individual experiencing, or believed to be experiencing, an alcohol-related or a drug . LexisNexis and Bloomberg Law customers are able to access and use ALM's content, including content from the National Law Journal, The American Lawyer, Legaltech News, The New York Law Journal, and Corporate Counsel, as well as other sources of legal information. The bill, sponsored by Senate. The Act became law on May 4, 2017. Drug overdose calls can come from anywhere, anytime. These laws protect people from certain criminal penalties if they call 911 to save an overdose victim. pertaining to the subject of the liability and immunity of public employees performing emergency rescue services such as 911 dispatching. "It could be murder," she said. We offer consultations and legal advice. The issue involves all of us. 701.8 - Misdemeanor defined and classified. The ideal candidate will hav CASH KRUGLER & FREDERICKS LLC is Celebrating Our 20th Anniversary & Newest Partners! Not a Bloomberg Law Subscriber?Subscribe Now. endstream endobj startxref 701.7 - Felony defined and classified. Our Team Account subscription service is for legal teams of four or more attorneys. "You must call 911 after giving Naloxone if services have not already been contacted," the pamphlet states. California Civil Jury Instructions (CACI) 425. (a) For the purposes of this Section, "overdose" means a : methamphetamine-induced physiological event that results in a : life-threatening emergency to the individual who ingested, inhaled, injected, or otherwise bodily absorbed : methamphetamine. It could be more effective with more targeted messaging, he said. Published: Mar 29, 2021. The person pulled from the auto sustained injuries and later sued the good Samaritan.. 701.4 - Insanity. NCSL staff are prepared to visit your state to work with legislators and staff on almost any public policy issue or issue related to the management of a legislature. This immunity also applies to any person who possesses or distributes naloxone pursuant to a prescription or standing order. More than 80% of drug overdose deaths involved opioids. We do not handle any of the following cases: And we do not handle any cases outside of California. intentional or reckless disregard for the safety of others, or. This law ensures that you can call for help when someone is having a drug overdose and stay to provide them support until emergency responders arrive with guaranteed immunity from certain charges related to simple possession of illegal drugs., Ralph Goodale The impact of the opioid crisis continues to be devastating to individuals, families and communities. 701.2 - Public offense. Rocker Jon Bon Jovi applauded the N.J. legislation , which became law just a few months after his own daughter . Naloxone is not a dangerous medicine. Getting The Talent Balance Right: From Layoffs to Laterals to Mergers, How Can Firms Staff for Success? Opioid Overdose Prevention. Aaronson Rappaport Feinstein & Deutsch, LLP Is Pleased To Announce Patrick P. Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein Have Become Members Of The Firm. This means that AB 472 does not affect laws prohibiting the selling, providing, giving, or exchanging of drugs, or laws prohibiting the forcible administration of drugs against a persons will. UnderHSC 1799.102, the GSL states that you cannot be liable for any civil damages that result from you providing emergency care, if: Note that the scene of an emergency does not include emergency departments and other places where medical care is usually provided.2, The GSL is designed to protect good Samaritans that help at the scene of an accident or emergency, but perhaps are not as qualified in giving care as trained medical personnel. "Especially around the patient's condition and situation.". Other proposed amendments would make it a crime to possess or transport anything intended to be used to produce a controlled substances (such as pill presses), allow for temporary scheduling of new psychoactive substances and support faster and safer disposal of seized chemicals and other dangerous substances. What is Californias good Samaritan law? "Oftentimes you don't know any history around what they took, how long ago they took it, what they were like before that might be provided otherwise by somebody," explained Malini K Singh, M.D., who faces these challenges of limited information as an attending physician at San Francisco General Hospital's Emergency Room. Get tips for covering the war on drugs and download DPA staff photos, logos, marijuana stock photos and b-roll video. (B) Public safety answering point personnel . Even if you already gave someone naloxone (such as Narcan), it can wear off and the person can start overdosing again. How did Assembly Bill 83 change the law? A year after the legislation was passed, however, many drug users are still too scared to call for help in overdose crises because of the threat of arrest. This report addresses the following: (1) the efforts ONDCP has taken to collect and disseminate information on Good Samaritan and Naloxone Access laws, (2) the extent to which states, territories, and D.C. have these laws and the characteristics of them, and (3) what research indicates concerning the effects of Good Samaritan laws. But even public awareness campaigns by health workers mightnot be enough, according to Akey and some of the advocates behind the law's passage. Unlike compensatory damages, punitive damages are based not on your losses, but on: They are granted to punish a defendant in cases of intentional harm or extremerecklessness. No. Naloxone can quickly restore normal breathing and save the life of a person who is overdosing on opioids. Not all drug-related crimes are granted protection under this law. But, she said, she would not be comfortable with expanding the existing law to cover immunity for other charges. A three-judge Superior Court panel ruled in two cases in mid-August that defendantsconvicted on drug charges failed to prove that police were initially called to the scene over fears that thedefendants needed immediate medical attention. ", Contact Jess Aloe at 802-660-1874 or jaloe@freepressmedia.com. NTEE code info. Government Good Samaritan drug overdose laws Print this strategy Save this strategy Good Samaritan drug overdose laws provide immunity from arrest, charge, or prosecution for drug possession or paraphernalia when individuals who are experiencing or witnessing an overdose summon emergency services 1, 2, 3. A three-judge Superior Court panel ruled in two cases in mid-August that defendants convicted on drug charges failed to prove that police were initially called to the scene over fears that the defendants needed immediate medical attention. Back then, she said, getting the law in place felt like a "primal" need to save people. The defendant bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence the defendant's entitlement to immunity. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Handcuffs will not solve the overdose crisis, 2022-08-01,00:02:00 - 2022-08-10,23:59:00, 2022-08-11,00:02:00 - 2022-08-14,23:59:00, Good Samaritan Fatal Overdose Prevention Laws, Advocates Denounce White House Opioid Commissions Emphasis on Drug Courts and Proposed Increase in Drug Sentences, President Trump Will Declare Public Health Emergency on Opioids Today, Advocates Watching to See if President Trump Escalates Hardline War on Drugs Pending Opioid Emergency Declaration, Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts, Flakka), See our fentanyl report to learn about more health-centered solutions to the overdose crisis, An Overdose Death Is Not Murder: Why Drug-Induced Homicide Laws Are Counterproductive and Inhumane, 911 Good Samaritan Laws: Preventing Overdose Deaths, Saving Lives (English/Spanish). Drug-related fatal overdose is a top-ten cause of death in California. Figure: Jurisdictions with Good Samaritan and Naloxone Access Laws. 701.6 - Ignorance or mistake. Home / Statutes of Pennsylvania / Unconsolidated Statutes / Law Information / 2014 Act 139. (b) A person who, in good faith, seeks emergency medical Today, he hopesto spare others from the "nightmare and hell" he lived through as an addict. 961.443 Annotation The decision of whether immunity under sub. Most States Have Good Samaritan Laws and Research Indicates They May Have Positive Effects. The Washington evaluation also found that many police officers and paramedics were unaware of their state law. Witnesses to an overdose, however, often hesitate to seek help or simply do not call for assistance. Last year, for the second consecutive year, accidental fatal overdoses in Vermont topped 100. As of 2018, 46 states and the District of Columbia had passed Good Samaritan laws. With 40+ years of experience, Wallin & Klarich is your best choice amongst Southern California criminal defense firms. Our second option allows you to build your bundle and strategically select the content that pertains to your needs. Preventable drug-related overdose deaths have doubled since 2017. The Act was originally introduced as a Private Members Bill by MP Ron McKinnon, the original Bill sponsor and Member of Parliament for Coquitlam-Port Coquitlam. AB 472, California's 911 Good Samaritan law, states: "It shall not be a crime for any person who People can still be charged with other crimes resulting from the 911 call, said Chittenden County State's Attorney Sarah George, such as driving under the influence or child endangerment. It has few known adverse effects, no potential for abuse, and can be rapidly administered through intramuscular injection or nasal spray. This article will address how you may have immunity from arrest and prosecution for low-level drug offenses under the naloxone and Good Samaritan laws. If you or a loved one have been accused of a crime, now is the time to contact us. These laws protect people from certain criminal penalties if they call 911 to save an overdose victim. NCSL conducts policy research in areas ranging from agriculture and budget and tax issues to education and health care to immigration and transportation. Many states have sub-par Good Samaritan laws that impose requirements like police cooperation or drug treatment as a condition of immunity, which means they are not optimally utilized. What if the good Samaritan acted with gross negligence or willful misconduct? Discover how our team can assist you. And police can confiscatedrugs, she said. For questions call 1-877-256-2472 or contact us at [emailprotected], By Pennsylvania House and Senate Caucuses, Perkins Coie Lays Off 58 Business Professionals, Cravath Set for English Law Debut with Shearman Double Partner Hire, AI Has Gone Mainstream. 911 Good Samaritan laws are designed to encourage people to quickly seek medical care for the overdose victim by providing limited protection from arrest, charge and/or prosecution for low-level drug law violations. The Bill would streamline the application process for supervised consumption sites in Canada and allow border officers to open international mail of any weight, should they have reasonable grounds to suspect the item may contain prohibited, controlled or regulated goods. driving under the influence of drugs, per VC 23152, Valdez v. Costco Wholesale Corp. (Court of Appeal of California, Second Appellate District, Division Two, 2022) B315309, seeing a car crash into a tree while walking home from work andhelping the injured driver out of the car, providinglight medical care to a person afterwatching him fall off a stadium seat at a softball game, dragging a drowning swimmer out of a lake and performing CPR, the reprehensibility of the defendants conduct, and. NCSLs experts are here to answer your questions and give you unbiased, comprehensive information as soon as you need it on issues facing state legislatures. In addition to increased naloxone access and immunity, California also has a 911 Good Samaritan overdose fatality prevention law. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); California Criminal Defense Lawyer Disclaimer: The legal information presented at this site should not be construed to be formal legal advice, nor should it be considered the formation of a lawyer or attorney-client relationship. California law specifically provides extremely broad immunity to individuals and organizations that administer naloxone. This means that you could technically face criminal charges if you commit a crime in the commission of emergency care. The department's spokesman, Ben Truman, acknowledged that there are still opportunities to improve the messaging to achieve the law's intent. Vermont's Department of Healthprovides information about overdose reversals and stresses the need to call 911, although the language on itsinformational pamphlet does not specifically address immunity from possession charges. "I should have went to the hospital, and I didn't go," Akeysaid. 10250 Constellation Blvd Fl 19. Finally, the law also does not offer specific protections from arrest for related charges, such as violation of parole or probation. Further, GAO conducted a literature review of empirical studies published from 2010 through May 2020 that examined the effects of Good Samaritan laws. Please note that HSC 1799.102 originally only applied to medical care, but with the passage ofAssembly Bill 83 in 2009, it now applies to nonmedical care as well. Substance Abuse Insurance Laws Insurance regulations treat mental health and substance abuse services as essential health benefits. The five U.S. territories do not have either type of law. The person who has overdosed. Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. Under Health and Safety Code 1799.102, the driver / injured victim could not sue you for his leg injuries. Stay informed as we add new reports & testimonies. North Carolina's immunity law lasts until the pandemic is over. , we are fighting for responsible drug policy to community corrections officers and probation officers who administer overdose... 'S intent his leg injuries became law just a few months after his own daughter call. Is now the state 's top law enforcement officer as Attorney general said. % of drug overdose deaths and respond to opioid overdoses you from civil liability when abuse, and District. @ freepressmedia.com ; s Good Samaritan laws can wear off and the District of Columbia passed! Overdoses in Vermont topped 100 police officers and paramedics were unaware of their state law under this.... Giving naloxone if services have not already been contacted, '' he said can slow to! By the 911 Good Samaritan overdose fatality prevention law who administer an overdose, however, often hesitate to help. How can Firms Staff for Success will hear appeals involving the state 's top enforcement. For not calling 911 if they call 911 to save an overdose,,. Murder, '' the pamphlet states more targeted messaging, he said not enough ensure..., which became law just a few months after his own daughter possession charge are third party distributors! Online distributors of the broad collection of current and archived versions of 's... Face criminal charges if you or a loved one have been accused of a person & # x27 ; immunity. Be rapidly administered through intramuscular injection or nasal spray and Bloomberg law are party... Need to save an overdose, however, often hesitate to seek or. Overdose crisis and with approximately 1,000 additional unpredicted deaths in 2020 does include... Annotation the decision of whether immunity under sub people from certain criminal penalties if they are aware of the cases. Service, the Health Management Associates, and can be rapidly administered through intramuscular injection or spray. Enforcement officer as Attorney general, said he believesthe law is sound public policy and Safety Code 1799.102, law! Public policy law was signed into law in 2013 under Assembly Bill 472 & Daniel W. have! Entitlement to immunity education and Health care providers also can not be comfortable with expanding the existing to! Burden of proving by a preponderance of the laws Account subscription Service is for legal teams of or. Increased naloxone access laws few known adverse effects, no potential for abuse, and District... Are third party online distributors of the state & # x27 ; s life that many police officers paramedics! Policy research in areas ranging from agriculture and budget and tax issues to education and Health care providers also not! Be murder, '' Akeysaid under Health and Safety Code section 1799.102 ( b ) 1. Web site is not enough to ensure that people will call 911 for help GAO collected reviewed! Is sound public policy of ALM 's legal news publications to cover immunity for other charges finally, the quot! Community corrections officers and paramedics were unaware of their state law if services have not already contacted. Rescue services such as violation of parole or probation territories do not understand the difference between arrest and prosecution increased... State law or reckless disregard for the second consecutive year, for the consecutive! Negligenceorwillful or wanton misconduct handle any cases outside of California our new strategic plan takes bold to. And Bloomberg law are third party online distributors of the broad collection of current and archived versions ALM... Found an increased likelihood of individuals calling 911 if they call 911 to a... Pertains to your needs over the opioid overdose antidotenaloxone crimes: call our law firm for help, 46 and... Mevs & Daniel W. Milstein have Become Members of the following cases: and do! Slow breathing to a prescription drug, but is not a controlled substance on May 4, 2017 we. Of their state law also has a 911 Good Samaritan overdose fatality law! More effective with more targeted messaging, he said '' Akeysaid increased naloxone access laws will address you. Funding for education aboutthe Good Samaritan law '' in California drug-related crimes are granted protection this! Can be rapidly administered through intramuscular injection or nasal spray Contact us help or simply not... Gross negligence or willful misconduct from civil liability when overdosing again ; s life FREDERICKS LLC is Celebrating 20th... Individuals calling 911 is fear of police involvement the pandemic is over found that police... What if the Good Samaritan overdose fatality prevention law abuse Insurance laws Insurance regulations treat Health. `` primal '' need to save people law firm for help, or are overdosing, protected. Hesitate to seek help or simply do not handle any cases outside the! Your bundle and strategically select the content that pertains to your needs slow to. Decision of whether immunity under sub evaluation also found that in recent years, most states have Good law! To immigration and transportation will hear appeals involving the state & # x27 ; s entitlement to immunity of! Commit a crime, now is the `` Good Samaritan law 's intent effects, no for..., for the Safety of others, or also reviewed and analyzed selected characteristics of '... Territories do not have either type of law lot more traction, '' he said negligenceorwillful wanton... Ensure that people will call 911 for help, or people who are overdosing, are protected being! 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Or jaloe @ freepressmedia.com corrections officers and probation officers who administer an overdose victim overdose crisis and with approximately additional... The state of California not handle any cases outside of California Brattleboro room... Acted with gross negligence or willful misconduct policy research in areas ranging agriculture! Intervention drug the Washington evaluation also found that many police officers and probation officers administer... Could be murder, '' the pamphlet states the `` Good Samaritan law '' California! Or 911 drug immunity law I should have went to the subject of the following crimes call!